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K92.0 Hematemesis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
K92.0 is the ICD-10 code for hematemesis (vomiting of blood). It indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract and always requires immediate medical attention.
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K92.0 is the ICD-10 code for hematemesis (vomiting of blood). It indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract and always requires immediate medical attention.
What Does the ICD-10 Code K92.0 Mean?
The ICD-10 code K92.0 stands for hematemesis, commonly known as vomiting of blood. It refers to the act of vomiting blood or blood-containing stomach contents, which typically signals a bleed in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The blood may appear bright red (fresh blood) or dark brown and coffee-ground-like (partially digested blood).
Causes
Hematemesis can result from a variety of conditions. The most common causes include:
- Peptic ulcers: Gastric or duodenal ulcers are among the leading causes
- Esophageal varices: Enlarged veins in the esophagus, often associated with liver cirrhosis
- Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining
- Mallory-Weiss syndrome: Tears at the gastroesophageal junction caused by forceful vomiting
- Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus
- Gastric cancer: A less common but serious cause
- Use of anticoagulants or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Symptoms and Associated Signs
In addition to the vomiting of blood itself, the following symptoms may be present:
- Dizziness and weakness
- Pale skin and cold sweats
- Low blood pressure (hypotension) and rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
- Black, tarry stools (melena), when blood passes through the intestines
- Abdominal pain or pressure in the upper abdomen
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation and targeted investigations:
- Medical history: Assessment of pre-existing conditions, medications, and alcohol use
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): Upper endoscopy is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic tool, allowing direct visualization and treatment of the bleeding source
- Blood tests: Complete blood count (CBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and coagulation parameters
- Imaging: Abdominal ultrasound or CT scan if needed
Treatment
Treatment of hematemesis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the bleed:
Initial Stabilization
- Intravenous fluid resuscitation and blood transfusions if necessary
- Oxygen supplementation and continuous vital sign monitoring
Endoscopic Therapy
- Injection, clipping, or cauterization of the bleeding source during endoscopy
- Band ligation for esophageal varices
Pharmacological Treatment
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce gastric acid secretion
- Terlipressin or other vasoactive agents for variceal bleeding
- Antibiotics in the setting of infection or liver cirrhosis
Surgical Treatment
In rare cases where endoscopic management fails to control the bleeding, surgical intervention may be required.
When to Seek Emergency Care
Vomiting blood is always a medical emergency. Anyone experiencing blood in their vomit should call emergency services immediately (e.g., 911 in the US, 999 in the UK, 112 in Europe) or go to the nearest emergency department without delay. This is especially urgent when large amounts of blood are involved, or when the patient shows signs of circulatory collapse or loss of consciousness.
References
- Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;107(3):345-360. Available on PubMed.
- World Health Organization. ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. K92.0 Hematemesis. WHO, Geneva.
- Barkun AN, et al. International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010;152(2):101-113.
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