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Shoulder Joint – Structure, Function, Common Issues and Exercises
The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body but also prone to injury. Learn more about its anatomy, common conditions and exercises for stability.
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The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body but also prone to injury. Learn more about its anatomy, common conditions and exercises for stability.
Shoulder Joint: Structure, Function and Conditions
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is the most mobile joint in the human body, allowing movements in nearly all directions.
This high mobility, however, comes at the cost of stability. The shoulder depends heavily on muscular and ligamentous support, particularly the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers.
Anatomy and Function
- Ball-and-socket joint with shallow socket
- Stabilized by:
- Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor)
- Labrum (cartilage ring)
- Capsule and ligaments
- Surrounding shoulder and thoracic muscles
- Functional support from the AC joint, SC joint and scapulothoracic articulation
Common Shoulder Problems
- Dislocation: Common in athletes, often traumatic
- Impingement syndrome: Tendon compression under the acromion
- Rotator cuff tear: A leading cause of weakness and pain
- Frozen shoulder: Adhesive capsulitis limiting mobility
- Arthritis (Omarthrosis): Degeneration of joint cartilage
Training and Prevention
Goals include improving dynamic stabilization and posture. Recommended exercises:
- Internal and external rotation with resistance bands
- Scaption with light weights
- Wall slides and face pulls for scapular control
- Chest muscle stretching
- Thoracic spine mobility exercises
Persistent pain should always be evaluated by a physician or physiotherapist.
Scientific References
- Ludewig PM & Reynolds JF (2009): The biomechanics of the shoulder. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
- Kuhn JE (2009): Exercise for shoulder impingement. Am J Sports Med
- Kux J (2010): Shoulder joint anatomy and dysfunctions. Orthopädie Journal
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