Androgens – Male Sex Hormones Explained
Androgens are male sex hormones produced in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex that regulate numerous vital body functions in both sexes.
Things worth knowing about "Androgens"
Androgens are male sex hormones produced in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex that regulate numerous vital body functions in both sexes.
What Are Androgens?
Androgens are a group of steroid hormones best known as male sex hormones. The most potent and well-known androgen is testosterone. However, androgens are not exclusive to males – the female body also produces them in smaller amounts. They are primarily synthesized in the testes (in men), the ovaries (in women), and the adrenal cortex in both sexes.
The most important androgens include testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione.
Biological Functions
Androgens fulfill a wide range of functions in the body:
- Development of male reproductive organs during fetal development
- Control of puberty in males (voice deepening, muscle development, body and facial hair)
- Maintenance of libido (sexual drive) in both sexes
- Promotion of muscle mass and bone density
- Regulation of sperm production
- Influence on mood, energy levels, and cognitive function
Androgens in Women
Androgens also play an important role in the female body. They serve as precursor molecules for the synthesis of estrogens and influence libido, bone strength, and general well-being. An excess of androgens in women, however, can lead to health problems, as seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Androgen Excess (Hyperandrogenism)
Elevated androgen levels can cause the following symptoms in women:
- Excess body and facial hair (hirsutism)
- Acne and oily skin
- Irregular or absent menstrual cycles
- Hair loss on the scalp (androgenetic alopecia)
Common causes include PCOS, adrenal gland disorders, or androgen-producing tumors.
Androgen Deficiency
A deficiency of androgens, particularly testosterone, can lead to a condition known as hypogonadism in men. Typical symptoms include:
- Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction
- Fatigue and lack of motivation
- Loss of muscle mass and increased body fat
- Osteoporosis (bone loss)
- Mood changes and depression
Diagnosis
Androgen levels are determined through a blood test. Measurements typically include total testosterone, free testosterone, DHEA-S, and other hormone levels. Results are always interpreted in clinical context and with consideration of the patient's age and sex.
Therapeutic Use of Androgens
Synthetic androgens and testosterone preparations are used medically for:
- Hypogonadism in men (testosterone replacement therapy)
- Certain forms of anemia
- Delayed puberty
- Hormone therapy in gender-affirming care
The misuse of androgens – for example, anabolic steroids in sports – carries significant health risks, including liver damage, cardiovascular disease, and hormonal imbalances.
References
- Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG. Biological actions of androgens. Endocrine Reviews. 1987;8(1):1-28.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potential effects on human health. WHO Press, Geneva, 2013.
- Nieschlag E, Behre HM. Andrology – Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. 3rd edition. Springer Medizin Verlag, Heidelberg, 2010.
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