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Glossar: G
Do you have questions about specific symptoms or ingredients? Our glossary provides an A-to-Z guide to your health.
G
338 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryGait pattern
The gait pattern describes the way a person walks. Changes in gait can indicate neurological, orthopedic, or musculoskeletal conditions.
Galactitol
Galactitol is a sugar alcohol produced during galactose metabolism. In the metabolic disorder galactosemia, it can accumulate in the body and cause serious tissue damage.
Galactolipids
Galactolipids are plant-derived fat compounds linked to galactose sugar, mainly found in chloroplasts, and increasingly studied for their potential health benefits.
Galactooligosaccharide Profile
The galactooligosaccharide profile describes the composition and quantity of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in foods or supplements. GOS are prebiotic fibers that support gut health.
Galactooligosaccharide therapy
Galactooligosaccharide therapy uses prebiotic carbohydrates to selectively promote beneficial gut bacteria. It supports digestive health, immune function, and microbiome balance.
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)
Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) gehören zu den präbiotischen Ballaststoffen, die den Aufbau und Erhalt einer gesunden Darmflora fördern.
Galactose Intolerance
Galactose intolerance refers to the body's inability to properly metabolize galactose. It can cause serious health complications and requires a strict low-galactose diet.
Galactosemia
Galactosemia is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly break down galactose, a sugar found in milk. Without early treatment, it can cause severe organ damage.
Galcanezumab
Galcanezumab is a monoclonal antibody used for migraine prevention. It targets the CGRP molecule, reducing the frequency and severity of migraine attacks in adults.
Galeazzi fracture
A Galeazzi fracture is a forearm injury combining a radial shaft fracture with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint at the wrist.
Galectin 3
Galectin 3 is a naturally occurring protein involved in inflammation, fibrosis, and heart disease. It is widely used as a biomarker for risk assessment in heart failure and other conditions.
Gallbladder
Die Gallenblase ist ein birnenförmiges Hohlorgan, das sich an der Unterseite der Leber befindet und eine zentrale Rolle bei der Verdauung von Fetten spielt.
Gallbladder Atony
Gallbladder atony is a condition in which the gallbladder loses its ability to contract properly, impairing the release of bile into the digestive tract.
Gallbladder Drainage
Gallbladder drainage is a minimally invasive procedure used to relieve pressure and drain bile from the gallbladder. It is performed when immediate surgery is not possible or too risky.
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
Gallbladder dyskinesia is a functional disorder in which the gallbladder fails to contract properly and does not release bile adequately into the intestine, with no structural cause identified.
Gallbladder Function
Gallbladder function refers to the role of the gallbladder in fat digestion: it stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed.
Gallbladder Function Test
The gallbladder function test evaluates how well the gallbladder stores and releases bile. It helps diagnose conditions such as gallbladder dyskinesia or related digestive disorders.
Gallbladder inflammation
Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis) is an inflammation of the gallbladder, most often caused by gallstones. It causes severe abdominal pain and requires prompt medical treatment.
Gallbladder Motility
Gallbladder motility refers to the ability of the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the digestive tract. Disorders of motility can lead to digestive problems and gallstone formation.
Gallbladder Polyp
A gallbladder polyp is a benign growth on the inner wall of the gallbladder. Most are harmless, but larger polyps may require monitoring or surgical removal.
Gallbladder Sediment
Gallbladder sediment, also called biliary sludge, is an accumulation of tiny particles in the gallbladder. It may cause symptoms and can develop into gallstones.
Gallstone Cleanse
A gallstone cleanse is an alternative method believed to dissolve or flush out gallstones naturally. Learn what it involves and what science says about its safety and effectiveness.
Gallstones
Gallstones cause pain, bloating and biliary colic. Find out all about the causes, symptoms, conventional medical therapies and natural preventative measures.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the biological process by which mature sex cells (gametes) are formed. It includes spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females.
Ganglion Cell
A ganglion cell is a specialized type of nerve cell found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, transmitting signals between organs and the brain.
Ganglion Cyst
Ein Ganglion, umgangssprachlich auch Überbein genannt, ist eine gutartige, flüssigkeitsgefüllte Zyste, die sich meist im Bereich von Gelenken oder Sehnenscheiden bildet, besonders häufig an Handgelenk, Fingern oder Fußrücken.
Ganglion Finger
A ganglion cyst on the finger is a benign, fluid-filled cyst that commonly develops near tendons or joints of the finger and is usually painless.
Ganglion Wrist
A ganglion cyst of the wrist is a benign, fluid-filled cyst that commonly develops on the tendons or joint capsules of the wrist. It is the most common benign soft tissue growth of the hand.
Ganglionic Blockade
Ganglionic blockade inhibits signal transmission at autonomic ganglia, affecting blood pressure, heart rate, and other vegetative functions throughout the body.
Ganglioside
Gangliosides are complex glycolipids found primarily in nerve cell membranes, playing key roles in signal transmission and cell communication throughout the nervous system.
Gangrenous
Gangrenous refers to tissue that has died due to a loss of blood supply or severe bacterial infection. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.
Garden Classification
The Garden Classification is an orthopaedic grading system for femoral neck fractures, dividing them into four types based on the degree of bone displacement.
Gardner-Diamond syndrome
Gardner-Diamond syndrome, also known as psychogenic purpura or autoerythrocytic sensitivity, is an extremely rare and still not fully understood bleeding disorder that mainly affects middle-aged women.
Garrulitas vulvae
Garrulitas vulvae refers to the involuntary expulsion of air from the vagina, producing an audible sound. It is generally harmless but can cause social discomfort.
Gas Gangrene
Gasbrand (medizinisch: Clostridien-Myonekrose) ist eine akute, lebensbedrohliche bakterielle Infektion, die durch bestimmte Clostridien-Bakterien verursacht wird – meist Clostridium perfringens.
Gastrectomy
A gastrectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or part of the stomach. It is most commonly performed for stomach cancer and requires long-term dietary adjustments.
Gastric Acid Regulation
Gastric acid regulation refers to the physiological mechanisms that control the production and pH of stomach acid, ensuring proper digestion and protection of the gastric mucosa.
Gastric Banding
Gastric banding is a minimally invasive bariatric surgical procedure in which an adjustable silicone band is placed around the upper stomach to restrict food intake and promote long-term weight loss.
Gastric Carcinoma
Gastric carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the stomach lining. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is often diagnosed only in advanced stages.
Gastric Emptying
Gastric emptying is the physiological process by which the stomach passes its digested contents into the small intestine. Disorders can cause symptoms such as nausea, bloating, or early satiety.
Gastric Emptying Disorder
A gastric emptying disorder is a condition in which the stomach cannot empty its contents into the small intestine at a normal rate, causing nausea, bloating, and vomiting.
Gastric Emptying Test
The gastric emptying test measures how quickly the stomach moves its contents into the small intestine. It helps diagnose conditions such as gastroparesis and other gastric motility disorders.
Gastric juice
Gastric juice is a digestive fluid that is formed in the glands of the gastric mucosa and consists of hydrochloric acid (HCl), the enzyme pepsin, the intrinsic factor and protective mucous substances.
Gastric Motility
Gastric motility refers to the ability of the stomach to contract and move, enabling mixing and controlled emptying of food into the small intestine.
Gastric Resection
Gastric resection is a surgical procedure in which part or all of the stomach is removed. It is primarily used to treat stomach cancer, severe ulcers, or other serious gastric conditions.
Gastric ulcer
Ein Magengeschwür ist ein tiefer Defekt der Magenschleimhaut, der bis in die darunterliegenden Gewebeschichten reichen kann.
Gastritis Symptome
Gastritis Symptome beschreiben die typischen Beschwerden, die bei einer Entzündung der Magenschleimhaut auftreten können.
Gastritis Symptoms
Gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining, causes symptoms such as upper abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating. Learn when to seek medical advice.
Gastroduodenal Ulcer Disease
Gastroduodenal ulcer disease refers to the formation of open sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is most commonly caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of pain-relieving medications.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually caused by viruses or bacteria. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. It commonly causes heartburn and, if chronic, can damage the lining of the esophagus.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding refers to any bleeding that occurs within the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. It can range from mild to life-threatening and requires prompt medical evaluation.
Gastrointestinal Complaints
Gastrointestinal complaints include symptoms affecting the digestive tract, such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or diarrhea. They are very common and can have a wide range of causes.
Gastrointestinal cure after antibiotics
A gastrointestinal cure after antibiotics helps to regenerate the intestinal flora, protects the mucous membranes and strengthens the immune system. Find out which measures and preparations are useful.
Gastrointestinal Incubation Period
The gastrointestinal incubation period is the time between exposure to a stomach or intestinal pathogen and the onset of first symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Gastrointestinal Infection
A gastrointestinal infection is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Typical symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Gastrointestinal Tract
The gastrointestinal tract is the body central digestive system. It extends from the mouth to the anus and is responsible for the ingestion, digestion, and transport of food and nutrients.
Gastrojejunostomy
A gastrojejunostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a direct connection between the stomach and the jejunum. It is used to bypass obstructions at the stomach outlet or as part of reconstructive surgery after tumor removal.
Gastromegaly
Gastromegaly refers to an abnormal enlargement of the stomach beyond its normal size. It can result from various underlying conditions and is often associated with symptoms such as bloating, nausea, or abdominal discomfort.
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis is a congenital abdominal wall defect in which loops of intestine protrude through an opening beside the navel. It requires immediate surgical treatment after birth.
Gastroscopy
Gastroscopy is a well-established endoscopic procedure used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Gehan-George Formula
The Gehan-George formula calculates a person's body surface area using height and weight. It is widely used in medicine for accurate drug dosage calculations.
Gehirnerschütterung
Eine Gehirnerschütterung ist eine leichte traumatische Verletzung des Gehirns, die durch eine plötzliche Krafteinwirkung auf den Kopf entsteht.
Gehörgangsentzündung
Eine Gehörgangsentzündung ist eine Entzündung der Haut im äußeren Gehörgang, die meist durch Bakterien oder Pilze verursacht wird.
Gemfibrozil
Gemfibrozil is a lipid-lowering medication belonging to the fibrate class. It reduces elevated triglyceride levels and raises HDL cholesterol, and is used to treat lipid metabolism disorders.
Gene Action Pathway
A gene action pathway describes the sequential molecular steps by which a gene exerts its biological effect in an organism – from DNA through RNA to the final functional protein.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in DNA is converted into functional molecules such as proteins or RNA.
Gene Locus
A gene locus is the precise, fixed position of a gene on a chromosome. It describes the specific location within the genome where a particular gene is found.
Gene Regulation
Gene regulation describes how cells control which genes are active. It is essential for development, health, and the ability to respond to environmental signals.
Gene Silencing
Gene silencing refers to the targeted suppression of a gene´s activity. Gene expression is inhibited without permanently altering the underlying DNA sequence.
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a medical procedure in which genetic material is introduced into a patient's cells to treat, cure, or prevent disease.
Gene Therapy Protocol
A gene therapy protocol is a standardized treatment plan outlining all steps of gene therapy, from patient selection and vector preparation to post-treatment monitoring.
General Anaesthesia
General anaesthesia induces a controlled state of unconsciousness, allowing painless surgery. It is carefully planned and monitored by a specialist anaesthesiologist throughout the procedure.
Generalization
Generalization in medicine refers to the spread of a disease throughout the entire body. Learn about causes, progression and clinical significance.
Generations
Generations are groups of people born in similar time periods who share formative experiences. In healthcare, generational identity influences lifestyle, disease risks, and health behavior.
Genetic Analysis
Genetic analysis examines a person´s DNA for genetic changes. It supports the diagnosis of hereditary diseases and enables personalized, targeted medical treatment.
Genetic defect
A genetic defect is a change in a person's DNA that impairs the function of a gene and can cause disease. Such changes may be inherited or arise spontaneously.
Genetic resistance markers
Genetic resistance markers are DNA segments associated with an organism's ability to resist diseases or therapeutic agents. They are essential tools in medicine, microbiology, and pharmacology.
Genetic Resistance Profile
A genetic resistance profile identifies mutations in pathogens or cancer cells that cause resistance to specific drugs, enabling doctors to choose the most effective therapy.
Geniculum of the facial nerve
The geniculum of the facial nerve is the sharp bend of the facial nerve within the petrous bone. This anatomical landmark is clinically important in facial nerve palsy and middle ear conditions.
Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. It causes painful blisters in the genital area and has no permanent cure.
Genitourinary Syndrome
Genitourinary syndrome refers to a range of symptoms affecting the urinary and genital organs, most commonly caused by declining estrogen levels during menopause.
Genome Sequencing
Genome sequencing is a method used to determine the complete DNA sequence of an organism. It enables the diagnosis of genetic diseases and supports personalised medical treatments.
Genome-based diagnostics
Genome-based diagnostics analyses a person's genetic material to detect diseases early, assess genetic risks, and enable personalised treatment strategies.
Genotype Analysis
Genotype analysis is a diagnostic method used to examine the genetic information of an organism. It helps identify hereditary diseases, disease risks, and genetic traits.
Genotypic resistance testing
Genotypic resistance testing is a molecular diagnostic method that analyses genetic mutations in pathogens to detect drug resistance early and guide targeted treatment decisions.
Genotyping
Genotyping is a molecular genetic method used to determine the genetic profile of an organism. It plays a key role in medicine, research, and diagnostics.
Gentamicin
Gentamicin ist ein Aminoglykosid-Antibiotikum, das zur Behandlung schwerer bakterieller Infektionen eingesetzt wird.
Gentiobiose
Gentiobiose is a naturally occurring disaccharide composed of two glucose units linked by a beta-1,6-glycosidic bond. It is found in plants and plays a role in food chemistry and biochemical research.
Genu of the Facial Nerve
The genu nervi facialis is an anatomical bend of the facial nerve within the petrous bone. It is clinically significant in brainstem and middle ear disorders.
Genu Recurvatum
Genu recurvatum is a deformity in which the knee joint hyperextends beyond its normal range. It can be congenital or acquired and is often associated with instability and pain.
Geriatric Assessment
The Geriatric Assessment is a comprehensive evaluation tool used to assess the physical, cognitive, psychological, and social health of older patients.
Germ cell tumour
A germ cell tumour is a growth arising from germ cells. It can be benign or malignant and most commonly develops in the gonads.
Germ Reduction
Germ reduction refers to the targeted decrease of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi on surfaces, in food, or within the human body.
German Association of Occupational Therapy
Der DVE (Deutsche Verband der Ergotherapie e.V.) ist die zentrale Fach- und Interessenvertretung der Ergotherapeuten in Deutschland.
Gerontopsychiatrie
Gerontopsychiatrie ist ein medizinisches Fachgebiet, das sich mit psychischen Erkrankungen im höheren Lebensalter befasst.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It is caused by hormonal changes and requires early diagnosis and proper management to protect mother and child.
Giant cell arteritis
Giant cell arteritis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessels affecting mainly older adults. If untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss.
Gigantomastia
Gigantomastia is a rare condition characterized by extreme, excessive enlargement of the female breast. It can cause severe physical and psychological symptoms and often requires medical or surgical treatment.
Gilbert-Meulengracht Syndrome
Gilbert-Meulengracht Syndrome is a harmless, hereditary metabolic disorder of the liver causing mildly elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. It does not cause serious health problems.
Gilteritinib
Gilteritinib is a targeted cancer drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia with a FLT3 mutation. It blocks specific enzymes that drive tumor growth in leukemia cells.
Ginger extract
Ginger extract is a concentrated botanical extract derived from the ginger root, known for its anti-inflammatory and digestive properties. It is widely used in medicine and as a dietary supplement.
Gingiva index
The Gingiva Index (GI) is an established dental procedure for assessing the degree of inflammation of the gums (gingiva).
Gingival recession
Gingival recession refers to the apical displacement of the gum margin, exposing root surfaces of the teeth. It can cause tooth sensitivity and, if untreated, may lead to tooth loss.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is the superficial inflammation of the gums (gingiva), which is usually caused by bacterial plaque deposits at the gum line.
Ginseng effect
Ginseng is a medicinal plant with wide-ranging effects on the body. Classified as an adaptogen, it supports energy, concentration, and immune function.
Glandular Atrophy
Glandular atrophy refers to the pathological shrinkage or loss of glandular tissue, leading to reduced or absent secretory function of the affected gland.
Glandular Function
Glandular function refers to the ability of glands to produce and release secretions or hormones. It is essential for metabolism, digestion, and hormonal balance.
Glandular Hormone
Glandular hormones are chemical messengers produced by the body´s endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream. They regulate vital functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
The glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare, benign jaw cyst of dental tissue origin, characterized by gland-like epithelial lining and a notable tendency for local recurrence.
Glasgow Coma Scale
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized neurological assessment tool used to evaluate the level of consciousness in patients following brain injuries or other neurological emergencies.
Glauber´s Salt
Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate) is a well-known laxative and traditional remedy. It works osmotically in the intestine and is used in both conventional and naturopathic medicine.
Gleason Score
The Gleason Score is a grading system used to assess the aggressiveness of prostate cancer based on tissue samples. The higher the score, the more aggressive the tumor behavior.
Glial Cell
Glial cells are the non-neuronal support cells of the nervous system. They nourish, protect, and regulate nerve cells and are essential for healthy brain function.
Glioblastom
Ein Glioblastom ist ein hochaggressiver, bösartiger Hirntumor, der aus Gliazellen entsteht und schnell wächst.
Glomerular Filtration Rate
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures how well the kidneys filter the blood. It is the key indicator for assessing kidney function and diagnosing kidney disease.
Glomerular Proteinuria
Glomerular proteinuria refers to an abnormally high amount of protein excreted in the urine, caused by damage to the kidney filter units known as glomeruli.
Glomerulosclerosis
Glomerulosclerosis is the scarring of the kidney's tiny filtering units (glomeruli), impairing renal function. It is commonly associated with diabetes and high blood pressure.
GLP-1 Natural Boosters
GLP-1 natural boosters are foods, nutrients, and lifestyle factors that stimulate the body's own release of the gut hormone GLP-1, positively influencing blood sugar, appetite, and body weight.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonist
GLP-1 receptor agonists are medications used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. They mimic the gut hormone GLP-1 and help regulate blood sugar and appetite.
Glucagon Inhibition
Glucagon inhibition refers to the suppression of glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar levels. It is a key mechanism in modern diabetes treatment strategies.
Glucagon Secretion
Glucagon secretion refers to the release of the hormone glucagon from the alpha cells of the pancreas. It plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels and ensuring adequate energy supply throughout the body.
Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are natural or synthetic steroid hormones with powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, widely used to treat a broad range of medical conditions.
Glucocorticoid Metabolism
Glucocorticoid metabolism refers to the synthesis, transport, action, and breakdown of glucocorticoids such as cortisol. These steroid hormones are essential for energy metabolism, immune regulation, and the body stress response.
Glucocorticoid Resistance
Glucocorticoid resistance is a condition in which body cells show a reduced or absent response to glucocorticoids such as cortisol. It can be genetic or acquired and requires specialized diagnosis and treatment.
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is a loss of bone density caused by long-term use of glucocorticoids. It significantly increases the risk of fractures, especially of the spine and hip.
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids are naturally occurring or synthetic steroid hormones with potent anti-inflammatory effects. They are used therapeutically in a wide range of medical conditions.
Glucolipotoxicity
Glucolipotoxicity describes the harmful effects of chronically elevated blood glucose and blood lipid levels on body cells, especially the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. It plays a central role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.
Glucomannan
Glucomannan ist ein löslicher Ballaststoff, der aus der Konjakwurzel (Amorphophallus konjac) gewonnen wird.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which the body synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids, lactate, or glycerol.
Glucosamine
Glucosamine is a natural amino sugar and an essential building block of cartilage, connective tissue, and synovial fluid.
Glucose Level
Der Glukosewert gibt die Konzentration von Zucker im Blut an und ist ein zentraler Indikator für den Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel.
Glucose management indicator
The glucose management indicator (GMI) estimates the HbA1c value using CGM data. It helps people with diabetes to better understand their long-term blood glucose control.
Glucose Metabolism
Glucose metabolism describes how the body absorbs, processes, and uses sugar (glucose) as an energy source. It is essential for health, and disruptions can lead to conditions such as diabetes.
Glucose Metabolism Test
The glucose metabolism test evaluates how the body processes sugar. It is used to diagnose diabetes, insulin resistance, and related metabolic disorders.
Glucose monitoring
Glucose monitoring refers to the regular measurement and tracking of blood sugar levels. It is a key component in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Glucose spikes
Glucose spikes are sudden, sharp rises in blood sugar levels that typically occur after eating carbohydrate-rich meals. Frequent spikes may increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Glucose Tolerance Markers
Glucose tolerance markers are laboratory values that indicate how well the body processes sugar. They are essential for the early detection of diabetes and prediabetes.
Glucose Tolerance Test
The glucose tolerance test measures how well the body processes sugar. It is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes.
Glucose Uptake
Glucose uptake describes how sugar from food enters the bloodstream and is transported into body cells. It is essential for the energy supply of the entire body.
Glucose variability
Glucose variability refers to fluctuations in blood sugar levels over time. It is a key marker in diabetes management and is linked to an increased risk of complications.
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. It is formed by the phosphorylation of glucose and plays a central role in cellular energy production.
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a vital enzyme in red blood cells that protects them from oxidative stress. A G6PD deficiency can trigger hemolytic anemia.
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an inherited enzyme disorder affecting red blood cells, which can lead to hemolytic anemia. It is one of the most common genetic metabolic disorders worldwide.
Glucotoxicity
Glucotoxicity refers to the harmful effects of chronically elevated blood glucose levels on body cells and organs, particularly in people with diabetes mellitus.
Glucuronic Acid
Glucuronic acid is a naturally occurring sugar acid that plays a key role in detoxification and metabolism in the human body.
Glucuronidation
Glucuronidation is a key metabolic process in the liver that chemically modifies foreign and endogenous substances to make them easier for the body to excrete.
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), also known as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), is an enzyme found mainly in the liver, heart, and muscles. Elevated GOT levels in the blood can indicate cell damage in these organs.
Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase
Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) is a liver enzyme measured in blood tests to assess liver function and detect liver cell damage.
Glutamine Supplement
A glutamine supplement provides the amino acid L-glutamine in concentrated form. It is commonly used to support gut health, immune function, and muscle recovery.
Glutathione
Glutathione is a tripeptide molecule consisting of the amino acids glutamate, cysteine and glycine.
Glutathione Peptide
The glutathione peptide is a naturally occurring tripeptide with powerful antioxidant properties. It protects cells from oxidative stress and plays a key role in immune function and detoxification.
Glutathione Peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a vital antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing harmful peroxides, playing a key role in cellular defence.
Glutathione Peroxidase Analysis
Glutathione peroxidase analysis measures the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase in the blood. It is used to assess oxidative stress and selenium status.
Glutathione reductase
Glutathione reductase is a key enzyme in the human body that combats oxidative stress and protects cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Glutathione Status Analysis
Glutathione status analysis measures glutathione levels in the blood to assess the body antioxidant defence. It is used to detect oxidative stress and support preventive healthcare.
gluten free food list
A gluten free food list provides an overview of foods that contain no gluten and are safe for people with coeliac disease or gluten sensitivity.
Gluten Intolerance
Gluten intolerance refers to an adverse reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It includes conditions such as celiac disease, wheat allergy, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
Glutenhaltige Lebensmittel
Gluten ist ein natürlich vorkommendes Speicherprotein in bestimmten Getreidesorten wie Weizen, Dinkel, Roggen, Gerste, Grünkern und Kamut.
Glycaemic index
The glycaemic index (GI) is a measure that indicates how quickly a food causes blood sugar levels to rise.
Glycan Targeting
Glycan targeting is an innovative strategy in medical research and therapy in which specific sugar structures (glycans) on cell surfaces are used as target structures for active substances, antibodies or diagnostic markers.
Glycated Haemoglobin
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is a blood marker that reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus.
Glycemic Load
Die glykämische Last (GL) ist ein Maß dafür, wie stark ein Lebensmittel den Blutzuckerspiegel beeinflusst.
Glycemic Variability
Glycemic variability describes the fluctuation range of blood glucose levels over time. It is a key marker in diabetes management and metabolic health.
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde is a simple three-carbon sugar (triose) and the smallest monosaccharide. It plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and cellular energy production.
Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a biochemical mechanism that transfers reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, thereby supporting cellular energy production via the respiratory chain.
Glycinergic
Glycinergic describes neurons, synapses, or processes that use the neurotransmitter glycine. Glycinergic signaling plays a key role in the central nervous system.
Glycoalbumin
Glycoalbumin is a blood glucose marker that reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 weeks and is used in diabetes monitoring.
Glycocholia
Glycocholia refers to elevated bile acid levels in the blood or tissues. It occurs in liver diseases and bile duct disorders.
Glycogen Stores
Glycogen stores are the body´s reserves of glycogen, a stored form of glucose found mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles. They provide a rapidly available energy source during physical activity and fasting periods.
Glycogen synthesis
Glycogen synthesis is the biochemical process by which the body converts glucose into glycogen, storing it as an energy reserve in the liver and muscles.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis is the biochemical process by which stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is broken down into glucose to supply the body with energy.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are lipids with an attached sugar component found in cell membranes, playing key roles in cell recognition and signal transmission.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy. It occurs in every cell of the body and is essential for cellular energy supply.
Glycoprotein Synthesis
Glycoprotein synthesis is the cellular process by which proteins are linked to sugar chains. It is essential for immune defense, hormone function, and cell communication.
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins are proteins with sugar molecules attached to them. They play essential roles in the immune system, cell communication, and metabolic processes.
Glycosidase
Glycosidases are enzymes that cleave glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates. They play a central role in metabolism and digestion.
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly known as licorice root, is a medicinal plant with a long history of use. Its root contains glycyrrhizin and is widely used in medicine, phytotherapy, and the food industry.
Glymphatic System
The glymphatic system is the brain's waste clearance system, which is most active during sleep and removes harmful metabolic by-products to protect brain health.
Glyphosate
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. Learn about its effects, health controversies, and scientific classification by WHO, IARC and EFSA.
GMO Detection
GMO detection (genetically modified organisms) commonly relies on identifying specific promoter and terminator sequences inserted into transgenic plants.
Gnatophyma
Gnatophyma is a rare teratological term describing a congenital malformation or abnormal tissue growth in the jaw or facial region.
Goblet Cell Hyperplasia
Goblet cell hyperplasia is an abnormal increase in mucus-producing goblet cells in epithelial tissues, commonly affecting the airways or intestines. It is often linked to asthma, COPD, or chronic inflammation.
Goblet Cell Regeneration
Goblet cell regeneration refers to the renewal of mucus-producing cells in the intestinal lining, essential for maintaining a healthy gut barrier and protective mucus layer.
Goji Berries
Goji-Beeren (auch Wolfsbeeren genannt) stammen ursprünglich aus Asien und werden seit Jahrhunderten in der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin eingesetzt.
Goldblatt Mechanism
The Goldblatt mechanism describes how reduced blood flow to the kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to high blood pressure.
Golfer's elbow
Golfer's elbow is a painful overuse condition affecting the tendon attachments on the inner side of the elbow, often caused by repetitive arm movements.
Gonadal Dysgenesis
Gonadal dysgenesis is a congenital disorder in which the gonads (testes or ovaries) fail to develop properly, often leading to infertility and hormone deficiency.
Gonadorelin
Gonadorelin is a synthetic hormone identical to natural GnRH that stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. It is used in the diagnosis and treatment of hormonal disorders.
Gonadorelin acetate
Gonadorelin acetate is a synthetic hormone preparation identical to the body's own GnRH, used in the diagnosis and treatment of hormonal disorders.
Gonadotropins
Gonadotropins are hormones that regulate the function of the gonads. They play a central role in reproduction and hormonal balance in both men and women.
Gonarthrosis
Gonarthrosis is a degenerative disease of the knee joint in which the articular cartilage progressively breaks down. It causes pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Gonarthrosis Therapy
Gonarthrosis therapy covers all treatments for knee joint cartilage degeneration. The goals are pain relief, preservation of function, and improved quality of life.
Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It affects mucous membranes and is one of the most common STIs worldwide.
Gonorrhoea Symptoms
Gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria. Symptoms include discharge, burning during urination, and inflammation. Learn about signs and treatment.
Gooseberry
Die Stachelbeere ist eine kleine, saftige Beere, die in der Küche roh oder verarbeitet als Lebensmittel verwendet wird.
Gordon Finger Spreading Sign
The Gordon finger spreading sign is a neurological reflex sign that may indicate damage to the central nervous system. It is assessed during a clinical neurological examination.
Gordon Reflex
The Gordon reflex is a pathological reflex indicating damage to the central nervous system. It is elicited by squeezing the calf muscle and belongs to the Babinski sign group.
Gouty Tophus
A gouty tophus is a hard deposit of uric acid crystals in body tissue, forming as a result of chronic gout. Tophi typically appear around joints, tendons, and under the skin.
Graham´s Law of Diffusion
Graham's Law of Diffusion states that lighter gases diffuse faster than heavier ones. This principle is fundamental in medicine, physiology, and medical technology.
Gram Stain
The Gram stain is a fundamental microbiological technique used to classify bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on differences in their cell wall structure.
Gram-positive Bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are microorganisms with a thick cell wall that stain blue-violet in the Gram staining procedure. They include many clinically relevant pathogens such as staphylococci and streptococci.
Granisetron
Granisetron is an antiemetic drug that prevents nausea and vomiting, especially caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It belongs to the class of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.
Granular cell layer
The granular cell layer (stratum granulosum) is a key layer of the epidermis that plays a central role in skin barrier formation and the keratinization process.
Granulocyte Activation
Granulocyte activation describes the process by which white blood cells called granulocytes are triggered to respond to infections, inflammation, or allergic stimuli as part of the immune defense.
Granulocyte Maturation
Granulocyte maturation is the step-by-step process by which immature precursor cells in the bone marrow develop into mature granulocytes – key players in immune defense.
Granulocytes
Granulocytes are white blood cells that play a central role in the immune system. They fight infections and are involved in inflammatory responses.
Granulocytopoiesis
Granulocytopoiesis is the process of granulocyte production in the bone marrow. These white blood cells are essential components of the human immune defense system.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare autoimmune disease causing inflammation of blood vessels and granuloma formation in organs such as the nose, lungs, and kidneys.
Grape seed extract
Grape seed extract is a concentrated plant substance obtained from the seeds of red grapes.
Grapefruit Seed Extract Effect
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a natural plant-based supplement known for its potential antimicrobial properties. Learn how it works, its uses, and what science says.
Graves Disease
Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones. Key signs include goiter, rapid heartbeat, and eye problems.
Gravitation
Gravitation is the natural attractive force between masses. In medicine, it influences posture, circulation, and the musculoskeletal system.
Great Saphenous Vein
The great saphenous vein is the longest superficial vein in the human body, running from the foot to the groin. It is clinically important in varicose vein disease and cardiac bypass surgery.
Greater Petrosal Nerve
The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of the facial nerve carrying parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal and salivary glands, as well as sensory taste fibers from the soft palate.
Green tea extract
Green tea extract is a highly concentrated active ingredient, rich in antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and secondary plant substances.
green tea histamine
Green tea can be problematic for people with histamine intolerance, as it acts as a histamine liberator. Learn what this means for those affected.
Green-lipped mussel
The green-lipped mussel is a shellfish native to New Zealand, widely used as a dietary supplement to support joint health and reduce inflammation.
Greenstick fracture
A greenstick fracture is an incomplete bone fracture that occurs almost exclusively in children, where the bone bends and breaks on one side while the other side remains intact.
Grey-Turner Sign
The Grey-Turner sign is a clinical indicator of severe internal bleeding: a grey-blue discolouration of the flanks, typically associated with acute pancreatitis or retroperitoneal haemorrhage.
Grignard Reagent
The Grignard reagent is an organomagnesium compound used in organic chemistry to form new carbon-carbon bonds, enabling the synthesis of complex molecules.
Grip Strength
Grip strength refers to the force exerted by the hand and forearm muscles when grasping. It is a key indicator of overall muscle strength and general health.
Grippaler Infekt
Ein grippaler Infekt ist eine virale Erkältung mit Husten, Schnupfen und Abgeschlagenheit. Erfahre, wie Lactoferrin zur Stärkung des Immunsystems und zur Linderung der Symptome beitragen kann.
Grippostad
Grippostad is an over-the-counter combination medication used to relieve cold and flu symptoms such as fever, pain, and nasal congestion.
Groin injury
A groin injury is damage to the muscles, tendons, or ligaments in the groin area, often caused by sudden movements or overuse. It is a common sports injury affecting athletes across many disciplines.
Gross Energy Requirement
The gross energy requirement describes the total amount of energy a person needs daily to sustain all bodily functions and physical activities.
Gross motor skills
Gross motor skills refer to the ability to use large muscle groups in a coordinated way. They include movements such as walking, jumping, and maintaining balance.
Ground Elder
Ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria) is a medicinal plant traditionally used for gout, rheumatism, and joint complaints. It is one of the best-known wild herbs in Central Europe.
Group Therapy
Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which several individuals work together under the guidance of a trained therapist to address mental health or social challenges.
Growth Chart
A growth chart is a medical diagnostic tool used to assess the physical development of children based on height, weight, and head circumference over time.
Growth Disorder
A growth disorder is a significant deviation from normal physical growth in children and adolescents. Causes can be hormonal, genetic, or nutrition-related.
Growth Factor Analysis
Growth factor analysis is a diagnostic procedure that measures the concentration and activity of growth factors in blood or tissue. It provides key insights into tissue regeneration, tumor growth, and healing processes.
Growth Factor Balance
Growth factor balance refers to the equilibrium between growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting signaling molecules in the body. It is essential for cell growth, tissue repair, and overall health.
Growth Factor Balance Analysis
Growth factor balance analysis measures and evaluates the levels and ratios of various growth factors in blood or tissue, providing key insights into cell regeneration, tissue repair, and inflammatory processes.
Growth factor balance kinetics
Growth factor balance kinetics describes the dynamic equilibrium of growth factors in the body and their temporal regulation. It plays a key role in cell growth, tissue repair, and tumor development.
Growth Factor Balance Markers
Growth factor balance markers are diagnostic indicators that measure the equilibrium of various growth factors in the body, providing insight into cell growth, tissue regeneration, and disease processes.
Growth factor balance optimization
Growth factor balance optimization refers to targeted strategies that regulate the equilibrium of the body's own growth factors to support health, tissue regeneration, and healthy cell growth.
Growth factor balance test
The growth factor balance test is a diagnostic blood test that measures the levels and ratio of various growth factors, providing insights into cell growth, regeneration, and potential disease risks.
Growth factor balance therapy
Growth factor balance therapy is a modern therapeutic approach that specifically regulates the balance of the body's own growth factors to promote healing and support tissue repair.
Growth Factor Biokinetics
Growth factor biokinetics describes how growth factors are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated in the body. It is essential for understanding cell growth and tissue regeneration.
Growth Factor Infusion
A growth factor infusion is a medical therapy in which endogenous or synthetic growth factors are administered intravenously to stimulate cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and wound healing.
Growth Factor Infusion Therapy
Growth factor infusion therapy is a medical treatment in which natural or synthetic growth factors are administered intravenously to promote tissue regeneration and support the body´s healing processes.
Growth Factor Kinetics
Growth factor kinetics describes how growth factors are released, distributed, act, and degraded in the body. It is central to cell growth, tissue healing, and modern therapeutic approaches.
Growth Factor Profile
A growth factor profile measures multiple growth factors in blood or tissue, providing insights into cell growth, tissue regeneration, and healing processes in the body.
Growth Factor Receptor
A growth factor receptor is a cell surface protein that receives growth signals and regulates cell growth, division, and survival. Dysfunctions are central to the development of cancer.
Growth Factor Regeneration
Growth factor regeneration refers to the therapeutic use of the body´s own growth factors to stimulate tissue healing and cellular regeneration. It is used in medicine, orthopaedics, and aesthetic treatments.
Growth Factor Release
Growth factor release refers to the targeted secretion of growth factors in the body, which regulate cell growth, tissue repair, and regeneration.
Growth Factor Secretion
Growth factor secretion is the process by which cells release specific signaling proteins that regulate cell growth, division, and tissue repair.
Growth Factor Serum
A growth factor serum is a high-performance skincare product containing biologically active proteins that stimulate cell renewal and visibly improve skin appearance.
Growth factor stimulation
Growth factor stimulation refers to the activation of growth factors in the body that regulate cell growth, division, and tissue regeneration. It plays a key role in medicine and therapy.
Growth Factor Synthesis
Growth factor synthesis is the biological process by which cells produce growth factors – proteins that regulate cell growth, division, and tissue repair.
Growth Factor Therapy
Growth factor therapy uses natural or synthetic growth factors to stimulate cell growth, tissue repair, and regeneration. It is applied across medicine and aesthetic treatments.
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (somatotropin) is a natural hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates growth, metabolism, and cell regeneration throughout the body.
Growth Hormone Analysis
Growth hormone analysis is a blood test used to measure the level of growth hormone (GH) in the blood. It helps diagnose growth disorders, pituitary diseases, and hormonal imbalances.
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Growth hormone deficiency occurs when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone (somatotropin). It can cause growth disorders in children and metabolic problems in adults.
Growth Hormone Provocation Test
The growth hormone provocation test is a diagnostic procedure used to assess the pituitary gland´s ability to secrete growth hormone. It is performed when growth hormone deficiency is suspected.
Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy
Growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) replaces deficient growth hormone in children and adults. It is used to treat growth hormone deficiency and improves metabolism, body composition, and quality of life.
Growth hormone secretion
Growth hormone secretion refers to the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. It regulates body growth, metabolism, and cell regeneration throughout life.
Growth Hormone Therapy
Growth hormone therapy is a medical treatment using synthetic human growth hormone. It is used in children and adults with growth hormone deficiency or specific medical conditions.
Growth Plate
The growth plate is a layer of cartilage near the ends of long bones in children and adolescents that regulates bone length growth.
Guanosine Triphosphate
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a high-energy nucleotide that plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism and intracellular signal transduction.
Guarana extract
A natural source of caffeine from the seeds of the guarana plant. It increases energy, improves mental alertness and supports fat burning.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare neurological disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, potentially causing paralysis.
Gum Bleeding
Gum bleeding is a common sign of irritation or inflammation of the gums and may indicate conditions such as gingivitis or periodontitis.
Gum recession
Gum recession, medically known as gingival recession, describes the receding of the gums, which makes the root of the tooth visible.
Gummi arabicum
Gummi arabicum ist ein natürlicher Rohstoff, der aus dem getrockneten Saft von Akazien gewonnen wird und vor allem in der Lebensmittelindustrie Verwendung findet.
Guselkumab
Guselkumab is a biologic medication used to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It selectively inhibits the cytokine interleukin-23.
Gut Bacteria Profile
The gut bacteria profile describes the composition of the bacterial community in the intestine. It provides insights into gut health and can be used diagnostically for various conditions.
Gut Bacterial Diversity
Gut bacterial diversity refers to the variety of bacterial species living in the intestine. High diversity is a key marker of a healthy microbiome and is closely linked to immune function and overall well-being.
Gut Colonization
Gut colonization refers to the totality of microorganisms inhabiting the intestine. A healthy gut microbiome is essential for digestion, immune function, and overall well-being.
Gut Flora Test
A gut flora test analyzes the composition of intestinal bacteria to provide insight into the microbial balance of the gut. It helps detect imbalances at an early stage.
Gut Health
Gut health refers to the optimal functioning of the digestive tract. A healthy gut is essential for immune function, metabolism, and overall well-being.
Gut Immunity
Gut immunity refers to the immune defense mechanisms active in the digestive tract. It protects against pathogens while maintaining tolerance to food and beneficial gut bacteria.
Gut Irritants
Gut irritants are substances that inflame or disrupt the intestinal lining, causing symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. Common examples include alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods, and certain food additives.
Gut Microbiome
The gut microbiome refers to the totality of all microorganisms living in the intestine. It plays a key role in digestion, immunity, and overall health.
Gut Microbiome Balance
Gut microbiome balance refers to the healthy equilibrium of microorganisms living in the intestine. It plays a key role in digestion, immunity, and overall well-being.
Gut Microbiome Optimization
Gut microbiome optimization refers to targeted strategies that improve the composition and diversity of intestinal bacteria. A balanced gut flora supports digestion, immunity, and overall well-being.
Gut microbiome optimization protocol
A gut microbiome optimization protocol outlines targeted strategies to enhance the diversity and balance of the intestinal microbiome through diet, probiotics, and lifestyle changes.
Gut Microbiota
The gut microbiota refers to the trillions of microorganisms living in the human intestine. It plays a key role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.
Gut Microbiota Balance
Gut microbiota balance refers to the healthy equilibrium of microorganisms living in the intestine. It plays a vital role in digestion, immune function, and overall well-being.
Gut Microbiota Modulation
Gut microbiota modulation refers to targeted strategies that influence the composition and function of the gut microbiome to maintain or improve overall health.
Gut-Brain Axis
Die Darm-Hirn-Achse beschreibt die bidirektionale Kommunikation zwischen dem zentralen Nervensystem und dem enterischen Nervensystem (ENS).
Gyrase Inhibitors
Gyrase inhibitors are antibiotics that block bacterial enzymes essential for DNA replication, effectively killing bacteria. They are used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections.
Die neusten Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryMycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by mold fungi that can contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals worldwide.
Phthalates
Phthalates are synthetic chemical compounds widely used as plasticizers in plastics. They are considered endocrine disruptors and may pose risks to human health, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Zearalenone
Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds on grain crops. It can disrupt the hormonal system in humans and animals.
Die meistgelesenen Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryMagnesiumcarbonat
Magnesiumcarbonat ist eine anorganische Magnesiumverbindung mit säure-neutralisierender (antazidischer) Wirkung. Erfahre mehr über Vorteile, Einsatzgebiete und Unterschiede zu besser resorbierbaren Magnesiumformen.
Calorie content
The choice of food influences our energy intake. The calorie content varies greatly - some provide little energy, others a lot.
Cologne list
The Cologne List ® is an important initiative in competitive sports that offers athletes guidance in the selection of nutritional supplements.