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Glossar: C
Do you have questions about specific symptoms or ingredients? Our glossary provides an A-to-Z guide to your health.
C
868 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryC Terminal Telopeptide
C terminal telopeptide (CTX) is a blood marker for bone resorption. It is used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and for monitoring bone-related therapies.
Cabozantinib
Cabozantinib is a targeted cancer therapy used to treat certain malignant tumors by blocking signals that drive tumor growth and spread.
Cachexia Prevention
Cachexia prevention includes all measures that protect against pathological weight and muscle loss in serious illnesses. Early nutritional therapy and targeted exercise are key components.
Caesarean Section
A caesarean section is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. It can be planned or performed as an emergency measure.
Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid is a naturally occurring plant compound from the hydroxycinnamic acid family, found in many foods, and known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Caffeine abstinence
Caffeine abstinence means consciously avoiding caffeinated beverages and foods. It may cause withdrawal symptoms initially but can improve sleep and overall well-being in the long term.
Caffeine break
A caffeine break is a deliberate pause from consuming caffeinated beverages and foods, aimed at reducing caffeine tolerance and supporting overall health.
Caffeine Crash
A caffeine crash is the sudden drop in energy and focus that occurs when the stimulating effects of caffeine wear off. Symptoms include fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.
Caffeine dependence
Caffeine dependence refers to a physical and psychological reliance on caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant found in coffee, tea, and energy drinks.
Caffeine reduction
Caffeine reduction refers to the deliberate decrease of daily caffeine intake. It can improve sleep quality, heart rhythm, and reduce anxiety or nervousness.
Caffeine tolerance
Caffeine tolerance refers to the reduced effect of caffeine after regular consumption. The body adapts to the substance and responds less strongly over time.
Caffeine withdrawal
Caffeine withdrawal occurs when the regular consumption of caffeine-containing drinks such as coffee, cola, black tea or energy drinks is suddenly or sharply reduced.
Cagrilintide
Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue under investigation for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, reducing appetite and regulating blood sugar levels.
Calcaneal Foot Deformity
Calcaneal foot deformity (Pes calcaneus) is a foot condition where the foot is permanently dorsiflexed, causing the person to walk primarily on the heel.
Calcaneal osteotomy
A calcaneal osteotomy is a surgical procedure on the heel bone to correct foot deformities. It is commonly used for flatfoot or cavus foot conditions.
Calciferol
Calciferol is the chemical name for vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin and prohormone that the body can produce through sunlight exposure and that is essential for bone health, immune function, and muscle strength.
calciferol d3
Calciferol D3 (cholecalciferol) is the natural form of vitamin D synthesized in the skin upon sunlight exposure, essential for calcium metabolism and bone health.
Calciferols
Calciferols, known as vitamin D, are essential for bones, the immune system and cell health. Find out more about forms, functions, deficiency symptoms and optimal intake.
Calcific shoulder magnesium
Magnesium may support muscle and nerve function in calcific shoulder. Learn about the role this mineral plays in calcium deposits in the shoulder tendons.
Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder
Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is a painful condition in which calcium deposits form in the tendons of the shoulder, causing significant pain and restricted movement.
Calciphylaxis
Calciphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening condition involving calcium deposits in small blood vessels, leading to painful skin wounds and tissue death.
Calcipotriol
Calcipotriol is a synthetic vitamin D analogue used topically to treat plaque psoriasis. It works by reducing abnormal skin cell growth and suppressing inflammation in affected areas.
Calcitriol
Calcitriol is the biologically active form of vitamin D, playing a key role in calcium and phosphate regulation. It is produced in the kidneys and is essential for bone health and immune function.
Calcium Absorption
Calcium absorption is the process by which calcium from food is taken up through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. It is essential for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling, and is primarily regulated by vitamin D.
Calcium Absorption Disorder
A calcium absorption disorder refers to the reduced uptake of calcium in the intestine. It can lead to bone loss, muscle cramps, and other health complications.
Calcium absorption test
The calcium absorption test measures how well the body absorbs calcium from the intestine. It helps diagnose disorders of calcium metabolism.
Calcium acetate
Calcium acetate is a calcium-containing salt used as a phosphate binder in the treatment of kidney disease to lower elevated phosphate levels in the blood.
Calcium Aluminosilicate
Calcium aluminosilicate is an inorganic mineral compound approved as a food additive (E556). It is primarily used as an anticaking agent to keep powdered foods free-flowing and prevent clumping.
Calcium Antagonism
Calcium antagonism refers to the inhibition of calcium-dependent processes in cells, especially in cardiac and vascular muscle, forming the basis of important cardiovascular medications.
Calcium Antagonist
Calcium antagonists are medications that block calcium channels in heart and vascular muscle cells. They are primarily used to treat high blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, and angina pectoris.
Calcium balance control markers
Calcium balance control markers are diagnostic parameters used to monitor the equilibrium of calcium metabolism in the body and detect disorders of calcium turnover.
Calcium Balance Measurement
Calcium balance measurement determines the difference between calcium intake and excretion in the body. It is used to assess bone metabolism disorders and disturbances in calcium homeostasis.
Calcium Balance Monitoring
Calcium balance monitoring tracks the equilibrium between calcium intake and excretion in the body. It is essential for assessing bone metabolism and overall calcium status.
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a naturally occurring calcium compound widely used as a dietary supplement, antacid, and calcium source in medicine and nutrition.
Calcium Chelate
Calcium chelate is a highly bioavailable form of calcium in which the mineral is bound to organic molecules. It supports bone, muscle, and nerve health.
Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride is an inorganic salt composed of calcium and chlorine, widely used in medicine, the food industry, and various technical applications.
Calcium Citrate
Calciumcitrat ist eine organische Calciumverbindung, die in der Medizin und Nahrungsergänzungsmittelindustrie häufig verwendet wird.
Calcium D-pantothenate (vitamin B5)
An essential vitamin that is involved in energy production and the synthesis of hormones.
Calcium deficiency
Calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia) means the level of calcium in the blood is too low. It can affect bones, muscles and nerves and should be evaluated by a doctor.
Calcium Deficiency Symptoms
Calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and weak bones. Learn about the key symptoms, causes, and when to see a doctor.
Calcium fluoride
Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is a naturally occurring mineral compound of calcium and fluorine. It plays an important role in dentistry, optics, and industrial chemistry.
Calcium Flux
Calcium flux refers to the controlled movement of calcium ions across cell membranes. It is essential for muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and cellular communication.
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is an inorganic compound widely used in medicine, dentistry, and the food industry. It has strong alkaline properties and exerts antimicrobial as well as tissue-stimulating effects.
Calcium Ionophore
A calcium ionophore is a chemical compound that transports calcium ions across biological membranes, triggering intracellular calcium signalling cascades.
Calcium ionophore therapy
Calcium ionophore therapy is an assisted reproduction technique used to artificially activate oocytes when fertilization fails or does not occur after ICSI.
Calcium Metabolism
Calcium metabolism refers to the processes regulating the absorption, distribution, and excretion of calcium in the body. It is essential for bones, muscles, and nerve function.
Calcium Metabolism Disorder
A calcium metabolism disorder refers to an imbalance of calcium levels in the blood. It can lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia and affects bones, nerves, and muscles.
Calcium Metabolism Markers
Calcium metabolism markers are laboratory values that reflect the calcium balance in the body. They are used to detect disorders of the bones, kidneys, and parathyroid glands at an early stage.
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium phosphate is a compound of calcium and phosphate that is essential for building bones and teeth and is used as a dietary supplement and food additive.
Calcium phosphate absorption
Calcium phosphate absorption describes how calcium and phosphate are taken up from the intestine into the body. It is essential for healthy bones, teeth, and numerous metabolic processes.
Calcium Phosphate Metabolism
Calcium phosphate metabolism regulates the levels of calcium and phosphate in the body and is essential for healthy bones, nerves, and muscles.
Calcium Salts of Orthophosphoric Acid
Calcium salts of orthophosphoric acid are mineral compounds used as food additives and in medicine. They provide calcium and phosphate, both essential for healthy bones and teeth.
Calcium Silicate
Calcium Silicate (E552) is an approved food additive used as an anticaking agent and release agent. It prevents powders from clumping together and is considered safe for consumption.
Calcium Stearate
Calcium stearate is a calcium salt of stearic acid used as a food additive, lubricant, and stabilizer in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors.
Calcium Stone
Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stone, usually composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. They form when urine contains too high a concentration of minerals.
Calcium Sulfate
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is an inorganic calcium compound used in medicine, the food industry, and construction. As food additive E516, it serves as a firming agent and carrier substance.
Calcium supplement
Calcium supplements provide the body with the essential mineral calcium and are used when dietary intake is insufficient or needs are increased. They support bone density, muscle function, and nerve transmission.
Calcium Supplementation
Calcium supplementation refers to the targeted intake of calcium through dietary supplements. It helps prevent and treat calcium deficiency and supports bone health and overall metabolic function.
Calculate activity expenditure
Activity expenditure describes the energy the body uses through physical movement. Learn how to calculate it accurately using proven methods.
Calculate calorie consumption
Calculating calorie consumption helps determine the body's daily energy needs. Key factors include age, weight, height, and physical activity level.
Calf cramps
Calf cramps are sudden, painful cramps in the calf muscles that usually occur at night or after physical exertion.
Calf muscle strain
A calf muscle strain is an overstretching of the muscle fibers in the calf. It causes sudden pain and commonly occurs during sports activities.
Calisthenics
Calisthenics ist eine Trainingsform, bei der das eigene Körpergewicht als Widerstand genutzt wird, um Kraft, Beweglichkeit und Körperkontrolle zu verbessern.
Calming the nervous system
Calming the nervous system means reducing overactive stress responses in the body. Various techniques help relieve tension and restore inner balance naturally.
Calorie calculator
A calorie calculator helps determine your daily caloric needs. It takes into account age, weight, height, and activity level to estimate energy requirements.
Calorie content
The choice of food influences our energy intake. The calorie content varies greatly - some provide little energy, others a lot.
Calorie deficit
A calorie deficit occurs when the body takes in fewer calories than it burns. It is the fundamental principle behind weight loss and is widely used in dietary management.
Calorie expenditure
Calorie expenditure refers to the total amount of energy the body uses each day. It depends on basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and other individual factors.
Calorie Intake
Calorie intake refers to the total amount of energy a person consumes daily through food and beverages. It is a key factor in managing body weight, health, and overall well-being.
Calorie requirement
The calorie requirement indicates how much energy the body needs each day to maintain vital functions and perform physical activities.
Calot Triangle
The Calot triangle is a key anatomical landmark in the hepatobiliary region, used during gallbladder surgery to safely identify critical structures.
Calprotectin
Calprotectin is an inflammation marker primarily measured in stool samples to detect intestinal inflammation and diagnose chronic inflammatory bowel diseases at an early stage.
Campylobacter Enteritis
Campylobacter enteritis is a bacterial intestinal infection commonly caused by contaminated poultry and characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
Canalis hyaloideus
The canalis hyaloideus is a narrow channel running through the vitreous body of the eye, which housed the hyaloid artery during embryonic development. It is a normal anatomical remnant.
Canalis nervi facialis
The canalis nervi facialis is a bony canal in the temporal bone through which the facial nerve (nervus facialis) passes. It plays a key role in transmitting nerve impulses to the face.
Canalis tarsi
The canalis tarsi is an anatomical canal in the ankle region that houses important nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments. Disorders of this canal can cause pain and numbness in the foot.
Cancer screening for men
Cancer screening for men includes regular check-ups to detect cancers such as prostate, colorectal, and skin cancer at an early stage. Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes.
Cancer Screening Test
A cancer screening test is used to detect cancer or precancerous conditions before symptoms appear. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates.
Cancer vaccine
A cancer vaccine is an immunological preparation that activates the immune system to target and fight cancer cells. It can be used for prevention or treatment of cancer.
Cancer-related Anaemia
Cancer-related anaemia is a reduction in red blood cells in cancer patients. It can result from the disease itself or as a side effect of cancer treatment.
Candesartan
Candesartan is a blood pressure-lowering medication belonging to the class of angiotensin II receptor blockers. It is used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans ist ein Hefepilz, der natürlicherweise im Darm, auf der Haut und auf den Schleimhäuten vorkommt.
Candida auris
Candida auris (Pilz Candidozyma Auris) ist ein gefährlicher Krankenhauspilz mit globalen Ausbrüchen. Erfahre alles über Symptome, Resistenz, Therapie
Cane Sugar
Cane sugar is a natural sweetener derived from sugarcane, consisting mainly of sucrose. It provides fast-releasing energy and is one of the most widely used sugars in the world.
Cannabigerol
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid derived from the cannabis plant, attracting growing scientific interest for its potential medical applications.
Canrenoate
Canrenoate is a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist used intravenously in heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and hypertension management.
Capillaroscopy
Capillaroscopy is a painless diagnostic method used to examine the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) at the nailfold. It plays a key role in the early diagnosis of vascular and connective tissue diseases.
Capillary Blood
Capillary blood is blood obtained from the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries, typically collected via a fingertip or earlobe prick.
Capillary Permeability
Capillary permeability refers to the ability of the smallest blood vessels to allow fluids, nutrients, and cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissue.
Capsular Tear of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint
A capsular tear of the metacarpophalangeal joint is a common finger injury caused by trauma or sudden force. Learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Capsule Production
Capsule production refers to the industrial or pharmaceutical manufacturing of hard and soft capsules used to deliver active ingredients, dietary supplements, or medications in a precise dosage form.
Capsulitis
Capsulitis is an inflammation of the joint capsule that causes pain, swelling, and limited range of motion. It commonly affects the shoulder, foot, or finger joints.
Caput medusae
Caput medusae refers to visibly dilated veins around the navel, indicating elevated pressure in the portal venous system and serving as a key clinical sign of liver disease.
CAR-T cell therapy
CAR-T cell therapy is an innovative immunotherapy in which a patient's own T-cells are genetically engineered to specifically recognize and destroy cancer cells.
Caramel colour
Caramel colour is a widely used food colouring made by heating sugar. It gives foods and drinks a brown hue and is classified under E numbers E150a to E150d in the European Union.
Caramel Sugar
Caramel sugar is produced by heating sugar and is widely used as a sweetener, colorant, and flavoring agent in the food industry.
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug used to treat epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder.
Carbamoyl Phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate is a high-energy biochemical intermediate that plays a central role in the urea cycle and pyrimidine biosynthesis within cellular metabolism.
Carbapenem
Carbapenems are highly effective broad-spectrum antibiotics used for severe bacterial infections when other antibiotics have failed or are insufficient.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism refers to all biochemical processes by which the body breaks down, converts, and uses carbohydrates for energy. It plays a central role in regulating blood sugar levels.
Carbohydrate Oxidation
Carbohydrate oxidation is the metabolic process by which carbohydrates are broken down and oxidized to produce energy. It is a central mechanism of cellular energy supply.
carbohydrates table
A carbohydrates table lists the carbohydrate content of various foods per 100 g or per serving. It is a key tool for meal planning, especially for people with diabetes or those following a low-carb diet.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas produced by the body as a metabolic waste product and exhaled through the lungs. It plays a key role in regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.
Carbon Dioxide Intoxication
Carbon dioxide intoxication is a poisoning caused by elevated CO2 levels in the breathing air. It can lead to loss of consciousness and, in severe cases, death.
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion. It can cause life-threatening poisoning in humans and is known as the silent killer.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are drugs that block the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, influencing fluid balance in the body. They are used to treat conditions such as glaucoma and epilepsy.
Carbonyl Group
The carbonyl group is a chemical functional group featuring a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O). It is a key structural component of many biologically important molecules.
Carbonyl stress
Carbonyl stress refers to the pathological accumulation of reactive carbonyl species in the body, damaging cells and tissues and contributing to chronic diseases.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is a compound formed when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide, blocking oxygen transport in the blood and causing CO poisoning.
Carboxylase
Carboxylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of CO2 to organic molecules. They play a central role in metabolism and depend on vitamin B7 (biotin) as a key cofactor.
Carboxypeptidase
Carboxypeptidase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins by cleaving amino acids from the C-terminal end of a polypeptide chain. It plays a key role in protein digestion in the small intestine.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a blood tumor marker used to monitor the progression and treatment of certain cancers.
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells. It involves multiple stages of genetic and molecular changes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrhythmias are irregularities in the normal heartbeat rhythm. They range from harmless to life-threatening and always require medical evaluation.
Cardiac Border Marking
Cardiac border marking refers to the visible outlines of the heart on a chest X-ray. It is used to assess heart size, shape, and potential cardiac conditions.
Cardiac Catheterization
Ein Herzkatheter ist ein medizinisches Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsverfahren, das der Darstellung und Therapie von Herzerkrankungen dient.
Cardiac Muscle Cell
A cardiac muscle cell, or cardiomyocyte, is the specialized muscle cell of the heart. It enables the rhythmic heartbeat that continuously pumps blood throughout the body.
Cardiac Muscle Insufficiency
Cardiac muscle insufficiency is a condition in which the heart muscle can no longer pump enough blood to meet the body needs, leading to fatigue, breathlessness, and fluid retention.
Cardiac neurosis (cardiophobia)
Cardiac neurosis is a psychological disorder in which those affected develop an exaggerated fear of heart disease or sudden cardiac arrest, even though there is no organic disease.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output describes the amount of blood the heart pumps into the circulation per minute. It is a key measure of cardiac function and overall circulatory health.
Cardiac Pacemaker
A cardiac pacemaker is a small implanted medical device that delivers electrical impulses to regulate a heartbeat that is too slow or irregular, helping the heart maintain a normal rhythm.
Cardiac Pressure Profile
A cardiac pressure profile is a cardiology assessment that measures pressure values within the heart chambers and major blood vessels, providing key insights into heart function and circulatory diagnostics.
Cardiac Pressure Variability
Cardiac pressure variability refers to fluctuations in blood pressure linked to heart activity. It is an important marker of cardiovascular health and autonomic regulation.
Cardiac Rhythm Prophylaxis
Cardiac rhythm prophylaxis includes all measures taken to prevent heart rhythm disorders. It protects against dangerous arrhythmias and reduces the risk of serious complications such as stroke or sudden cardiac death.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that impairs its ability to pump blood effectively. It can lead to heart failure and life-threatening arrhythmias.
Cardioprotective Protein
Cardioprotective proteins are endogenous or externally supplied proteins that shield heart muscle cells from damage and play a key role in the prevention of heart disease.
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome describes the bidirectional relationship between heart and kidney dysfunction, where failure of one organ directly contributes to impairment of the other.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart and blood vessels and are the leading cause of death worldwide. Many cases can be prevented through a healthy lifestyle.
Cardiovascular Heart Disease
Cardiovascular heart disease affects the blood vessels of the heart and can lead to heart attack or heart failure. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a good outcome.
Cardiovascular Risk
Cardiovascular risk describes the likelihood of developing heart and vascular diseases. Key risk factors include high blood pressure, elevated blood lipids, smoking, and diabetes.
Carfilzomib
Carfilzomib is a proteasome inhibitor used to treat relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. It selectively blocks enzyme complexes in cancer cells, triggering their programmed death.
Carnitine acetyltransferase
Carnitine acetyltransferase is an enzyme that regulates the transfer of acetyl groups in mitochondria and plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism.
Carnitine shuttle
The carnitine shuttle is a biochemical transport mechanism that moves long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are broken down to produce energy.
Carnosic acid
Carnosic acid is a natural plant compound found in rosemary and sage with powerful antioxidant properties. It helps protect cells from oxidative stress and damage.
Carotenoid
Carotenoids are natural pigments found in plants that act as antioxidants and play important roles in human health, including supporting vision and immune function.
Carotenoid Synthesis
Carotenoid synthesis is the biochemical process by which plants, algae, and microorganisms produce carotenoids. These natural pigments are essential for human health and cannot be made by the human body.
Carotenoids
Carotenoids are natural pigments found in fruits and vegetables with powerful antioxidant properties. They support immune function, eye health, and may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Carotid Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove plaque buildup from the carotid artery, significantly reducing the risk of stroke.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common nerve compression disorder at the wrist, causing pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and fingers.
Carrageenan
Carrageenan is a natural additive derived from red algae, widely used as a gelling agent, thickener, and stabilizer in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Cartilage biopsy
A cartilage biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of cartilage tissue is removed for diagnostic testing or as the basis for regenerative therapies.
Cartilage Damage
Cartilage damage refers to the deterioration or injury of articular cartilage, often caused by wear, trauma, or inflammation. It can lead to joint pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Cartilage defect
A cartilage defect is a localized area of damage to the articular cartilage in a joint. It causes pain, swelling, and restricted movement.
Cartilage Degeneration
Cartilage degeneration refers to the progressive breakdown of joint cartilage and is a leading cause of joint pain and restricted mobility.
Cartilage Regeneration
Cartilage regeneration refers to the repair or regrowth of damaged cartilage tissue in joints. Learn about causes, symptoms, and current treatment options.
Cartilage smoothing
Cartilage smoothing is a minimally invasive arthroscopic procedure in which damaged joint cartilage is smoothed and stabilized to relieve pain and improve joint function.
Cartilage transplantation
Cartilage transplantation is a surgical procedure to restore damaged joint cartilage. It is used for cartilage defects to relieve pain and improve joint function.
Cartinoids
Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments found in many plants, algae and some bacteria.
Case Report
A case report is a detailed medical description of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of an individual patient. It is a key tool in medical science and education.
Casein hydrolysate
Casein hydrolysate is an enzymatically broken-down milk protein that is easy to digest and widely used in infant formula and sports nutrition products.
Casein Intolerance
Casein intolerance refers to an adverse reaction to casein, the main protein found in milk. Affected individuals may experience digestive issues or immune responses when consuming dairy products.
Cast metal partial denture
A cast metal partial denture is a removable dental prosthesis with a precision metal framework that replaces missing teeth and is anchored to remaining natural teeth.
Castor oil
Rizinusöl ist ein pflanzliches Öl, das aus den Samen des Wunderbaums gewonnen wird und traditionell innerlich wie äußerlich angewendet wird.
Castor Oil Packs
Castor Oil Packs – also Rizinusölwickel – erleben auf TikTok und Instagram ein Revival.
Catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy the body uses to sustain vital functions.
Cataplectic
Cataplectic describes a state related to cataplexy – a sudden, brief loss of muscle control typically triggered by strong emotions such as laughter or excitement.
Cataplerosis
Cataplerosis refers to the withdrawal of intermediates from the citric acid cycle for biosynthetic purposes. It is essential for cellular metabolism and energy balance.
Cataract symptoms
A cataract clouds the natural lens of the eye, causing blurred vision, light sensitivity, and color changes. Early diagnosis allows effective treatment and vision preservation.
Catastrophising
Catastrophising is a thinking pattern in which events are vastly overestimated as threatening. It is common in anxiety disorders and chronic pain conditions.
Catecholamine
Catecholamines are endogenous signaling molecules such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine that act as hormones and neurotransmitters, playing key roles in the stress response.
Catecholamine Release
Catecholamine release refers to the secretion of stress hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla, preparing the body for demanding physical or psychological situations.
Catecholamines
Catecholamines are endogenous signaling molecules such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine that act as stress hormones and neurotransmitters, regulating vital body functions.
Caton-Deschamps Index
The Caton-Deschamps Index is a radiological measurement used to assess the vertical position of the patella (kneecap) relative to the knee joint.
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome is a serious neurological condition caused by compression of the nerve roots at the base of the spinal cord. It requires immediate medical attention.
Caudolateral
Caudolateral is an anatomical directional term describing a position or direction that is simultaneously downward (caudal) and toward the side (lateral) of the body.
Causes of Stress
Stress is triggered by physical, emotional, or social pressures. Common causes include work demands, personal conflicts, financial worries, and health concerns.
CD3 Binding Domain
The CD3 binding domain is a functional protein segment that specifically binds to the CD3 complex on T lymphocytes and is used in bispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy.
CD40 Agonist
CD40 agonists are agents that activate the immune receptor CD40, stimulating the immune system to fight cancer. They are a promising class of cancer immunotherapy.
CEA tumor marker
The CEA tumor marker is a protein found in the blood that may be elevated in certain cancers. It is used to monitor disease progression and treatment response.
cefpodoxime
Cefpodoxime is an oral broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the third-generation cephalosporins, used to treat a range of bacterial infections.
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime is a broad-spectrum second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
Celery stalks
Staudensellerie ist eine Sellerieart mit langen, knackigen Blattstielen, die als Gemüse roh oder gegart verzehrt wird.
Celiac Disease-Associated Anaemia
Celiac disease-associated anaemia is a form of blood deficiency caused by nutrient malabsorption due to gluten-induced intestinal damage. Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency are the most common underlying causes.
Cell ageing
Cell ageing is a central biological process that is associated with the gradual loss of function of individual cells.
Cell Aging Markers
Cell aging markers are biological indicators that reflect the age and condition of cells. They help measure aging processes in the body and enable early detection of age-related diseases.
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the ordered sequence of phases a cell goes through to grow, replicate its DNA, and divide into two identical daughter cells.
Cell Differentiation
Cell differentiation is the process by which immature cells develop specialized functions. It is fundamental to growth, tissue formation, and the repair of the human body.
Cell division marker
Cell division markers are biomarkers that indicate how actively cells are dividing in a tissue. They are essential tools in tumor diagnostics and cancer research.
Cell Membrane Analysis
Cell membrane analysis is a diagnostic method used to assess the biochemical composition of cell membranes. It provides insights into fatty acid balance, nutrient supply, and overall cellular health.
Cell Membrane Fluctuation
Cell membrane fluctuation refers to the dynamic, thermally driven movements of the cell membrane. These oscillations are essential for numerous cellular processes.
Cell Membrane Fluidity
Cell membrane fluidity describes the mobility of lipids and proteins within the cell membrane. It is essential for vital cellular functions such as signal transduction and nutrient transport.
Cell Membrane Integrity
Cell membrane integrity refers to the structural and functional wholeness of the cell membrane, which surrounds and protects every living cell in the human body.
Cell Membrane Optimization
Cell membrane optimization refers to targeted measures to improve the structure and function of the cell membrane, supporting overall health and metabolic performance.
Cell Membrane Optimization Markers
Cell membrane optimization markers are biochemical parameters that assess the condition and functionality of the cell membrane, enabling targeted measures to improve membrane health.
Cell Membrane Optimization Protocol
The cell membrane optimization protocol is a nutritional medicine concept aimed at improving cell membrane structure and function through targeted nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids and phospholipids.
Cell Membrane Phospholipid
Cell membrane phospholipids are fat-like molecules that form the fundamental structure of every human cell membrane and perform numerous vital biological functions.
Cell Membrane Phospholipid Analysis
Cell membrane phospholipid analysis is a diagnostic method that measures the fatty acid composition of cell membranes, providing insights into an individual's nutritional and health status.
Cell Membrane Protection
Cell membrane protection refers to mechanisms and substances that preserve the integrity of the cell membrane and defend it against harmful influences such as oxidative stress.
Cell Membrane Protective Protein
Cell membrane protective proteins are specialized proteins that shield the cell membrane from damage. They stabilize membrane structure and maintain normal cell function.
Cell membrane regeneration
Cell membrane regeneration is the process by which body cells repair and renew their protective outer layer, a key mechanism for maintaining cellular health and function.
Cell Membrane Repair
Cell membrane repair is a vital biological process by which damaged cell membranes are restored. It protects cells from dying and preserves normal cell function.
Cell Membrane Stability
Cell membrane stability refers to the ability of the cell membrane to maintain its structure and function under physiological conditions. It is essential for cellular protection, transport, and communication.
Cell membrane therapy
Cell membrane therapy is a nutritional medicine approach aimed at improving cell membrane function through targeted supplementation with phospholipids and fatty acids.
Cell Membranes
Cell membranes are the protective barriers surrounding every living cell. They regulate the transport of nutrients and signaling molecules and are essential for normal cell function.
Cell protection
Cell protection refers to the body's ability to protect its cells from harmful influences - in particular from so-called free radicals.
Cell Protection Analysis
Cell protection analysis is a diagnostic procedure used to assess oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense capacity of body cells, providing key insights into cellular damage and protective deficiencies.
Cell Protection Factor
The cell protection factor describes the ability of certain nutrients or substances to shield body cells from harmful influences such as oxidative stress.
Cell Protection Mechanism
Cell protection mechanisms are the natural biological processes that allow body cells to defend themselves against damage and maintain their vital functions.
Cell Protection Optimization
Cell protection optimization refers to targeted measures that strengthen the body's cells against oxidative stress, inflammation, and premature aging.
Cell Protective Protein
Cell protective proteins are endogenous molecules that shield cells from damage caused by stress, heat, or toxins. They play a key role in cellular repair and survival mechanisms.
Cell Regulation
Cell regulation refers to all biological mechanisms by which the body controls and coordinates cell growth, division, and programmed cell death to maintain health.
Cell renewal
Cell renewal is a fundamental biological process in which old, damaged or dead cells are replaced by new, functional cells.
Cell Structure
Cell structure describes the internal organization of biological cells, the smallest units of life. Each cell contains specialized components that work together to perform vital functions.
Cell Therapy
Cell therapy is a medical procedure in which living cells are introduced into the body to treat diseases, repair tissue damage, or restore bodily functions.
Cellobiose
Cellobiose is a disaccharide formed during the breakdown of cellulose. It consists of two glucose units and plays an important role in digestion, gut health, and biotechnology.
Cellular Aging Prevention
Cellular aging prevention refers to strategies that slow down the biological aging process of cells. Through nutrition, lifestyle changes, and targeted supplements, long-term cell health can be effectively supported.
Cellular Hypoxia
Cellular hypoxia is a condition in which cells do not receive enough oxygen to maintain normal metabolic functions. It can seriously impair cell and organ function.
Cellular Metabolism Markers
Cellular metabolism markers are measurable biochemical parameters that provide insight into the energy balance and metabolic activity of cells, supporting diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the biochemical process by which cells convert nutrients into usable energy. It occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for all life functions.
Cellular Respiration Analysis
Cellular respiration analysis measures oxygen consumption and energy production in cells. It provides key insights into mitochondrial function and is used in both research and clinical diagnostics.
Cellular Respiration Disorder
A cellular respiration disorder is an impairment of the energy production process within the mitochondria of cells. It can affect multiple organs and cause a wide range of symptoms.
Cellular Respiration Optimization
Cellular respiration optimization refers to targeted measures that improve energy production in the mitochondria. The goal is more efficient ATP synthesis for greater vitality and physical performance.
Cellular Respiration Rate
The cellular respiration rate describes how quickly cells consume oxygen and produce energy in the form of ATP. It is a key parameter in cell biology and clinical medicine.
Cellular Respiration Support
Cellular respiration support refers to measures that promote the energy metabolism within cells, optimizing ATP production in the mitochondria for better vitality.
Cellular Senescence
Cellular senescence is a state in which cells permanently stop dividing. It plays a key role in aging, cancer prevention, and age-related diseases.
Cellular senescence markers
Cellular senescence markers are biological indicators used to identify senescent (aged) cells. They are key tools in aging research and cancer biology.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection affecting the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It causes redness, swelling, and pain and requires prompt medical treatment.
Cemiplimab
Cemiplimab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat certain skin cancers and non-small cell lung cancer. It belongs to the class of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1.
Cenobamate
Cenobamate is an antiepileptic drug used to treat focal seizures in adults. It acts on sodium channels and GABA-A receptors in the brain.
Cephalic presentation
Cephalic presentation is the most common fetal position before birth, where the baby is positioned head-down in the uterus. It is considered the optimal position for a vaginal delivery.
Cephalohematoma
A cephalohematoma is a collection of blood between a newborn's skull bone and its periosteum, typically caused by birth trauma or assisted delivery.
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. They belong to the class of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Ceramic filling
A ceramic filling is a high-quality dental restoration made from dental ceramic, designed to repair cavities or damaged teeth with a natural appearance and long-lasting durability.
Cerebellar Degeneration
Cerebellar degeneration refers to the progressive loss of nerve cells in the cerebellum, leading to impaired coordination, balance, and motor control.
Cerebral Artery
The cerebral artery is a blood vessel that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. Blockages or damage to these arteries can lead to a stroke.
Cerebral edema
Cerebral edema is a dangerous swelling of the brain caused by fluid accumulation. It raises intracranial pressure and requires immediate medical treatment.
Cerebral Infarction
Ein Hirninfarkt ist die häufigste Form des Schlaganfalls und entsteht durch eine plötzliche Durchblutungsstörung im Gehirn.
Cerebral Ischemia
Cerebral ischemia refers to an insufficient blood supply to the brain, causing a lack of oxygen in brain tissue that can lead to a stroke.
Cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is a permanent movement disorder caused by brain damage occurring before, during, or shortly after birth. It affects muscle tone, posture, and motor development.
Cerebral Sclerosis
Cerebral sclerosis refers to the hardening and narrowing of the brain arteries. It can impair blood flow to the brain and is a major risk factor for stroke and vascular dementia.
Cerebral Ventricles
The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected cavities in the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, protecting and nourishing the brain.
Cerebrospinal
Cerebrospinal refers to everything that jointly concerns the brain and spinal cord. The term is central to understanding the central nervous system and its disorders.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the central nervous system, delivers nutrients, and is a key diagnostic tool in neurology.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
CSF analysis is an important diagnostic procedure for recognising diseases of the central nervous system. Find out more about the procedure, indications and typical laboratory values
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs when the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord escapes through a tear in the protective membranes. It often results from trauma or surgical procedures.
Certolizumab
Certolizumab is a biological medication used to treat chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin is a copper-binding protein found in the blood that plays a key role in copper and iron metabolism. It is an important laboratory marker for diagnosing copper metabolism disorders.
Ceruloplasmin deficiency
Ceruloplasmin deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which the copper-containing protein ceruloplasmin is absent or non-functional, leading to toxic iron accumulation in vital organs.
Cerumen Impaction
Cerumen impaction occurs when earwax builds up and hardens in the ear canal, potentially causing hearing loss, pressure, or discomfort.
Cervical Cancer
Gebärmutterhalskrebs (Zervixkarzinom) ist ein bösartiger Tumor, der im Gebärmutterhals (Zervix) entsteht.
Cervical Cancer Symptoms
Cervical cancer often causes no symptoms in its early stages. Common signs include irregular bleeding, unusual discharge, and pelvic pain.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) refers to precancerous cell changes on the cervix. Early detection through regular screening allows effective treatment before cancer develops.
Cervical spine
The cervical spine is the uppermost section of the vertebral column, consisting of 7 vertebrae. It connects the skull to the trunk and enables head movements.
Cervical spine syndrome
Cervical spine syndrome refers to pain and discomfort originating from the cervical spine. It is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in orthopedic medicine.
Cervical tooth defect
A cervical tooth defect is a loss of hard tooth structure at the junction of the crown and root. It often causes tooth sensitivity and aesthetic concerns.
Cervical vertebra fracture
A cervical vertebra fracture is a break in one or more of the seven bones of the neck (cervical spine). It is a medical emergency that may threaten the spinal cord.
Cervicobrachialgia
Cervicobrachialgia describes pain radiating from the neck into the arm. It is most commonly caused by nerve root irritation in the cervical spine.
Cetirizine
Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat allergies, hay fever, and hives. It selectively blocks histamine receptors and causes little to no drowsiness.
Cetyl myristoleate
Cetyl myristoleate is a naturally occurring fatty acid ester used in alternative medicine to support joint health and reduce inflammation.
Chakra Balance
Chakra balance refers to the harmonious alignment of the body's energy centers according to traditional Eastern medicine. Balanced chakras are believed to support overall well-being and health.
Chalk-Sulfur Mixture
Chalk-sulfur mixture is a traditional natural remedy consisting of precipitated sulfur and calcium carbonate, used topically for various skin conditions.
Charcoal tablets diarrhea
Charcoal tablets for diarrhea: activated charcoal binds toxins in the gut and can relieve acute diarrhea episodes. Learn how charcoal tablets work and when to use them.
Charcot Syndrome
Charcot Syndrome refers to a group of neurological conditions affecting nerves and muscles, causing muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and mobility impairments.
Charcot Triad
The Charcot Triad describes three classic signs of cholangitis: fever, jaundice, and right upper abdominal pain. It is a key clinical indicator of biliary tract disease.
Checkpoint inhibitor
Checkpoint inhibitors are cancer drugs that reactivate the immune system to attack tumor cells. They are a key part of modern immunotherapy.
Checkup Examination
A checkup examination is a preventive medical visit designed to assess overall health and detect potential diseases early, before symptoms appear.
Chelate Complex
A chelate complex is a chemical compound in which a metal ion is firmly enclosed by an organic molecule. This structure significantly improves the bioavailability of minerals in the human body.
Chemical Allergy
A chemical allergy is an excessive immune response to chemical substances found in the environment, household, or workplace. It can affect the skin, airways, and other organs.
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is a fundamental biochemical process in which energy stored in an ion gradient is used to synthesize ATP, the universal energy currency of the cell.
Chemokine Profile
A chemokine profile describes the pattern of chemokines detected in blood or tissue. It provides insight into inflammatory processes and is used in medical diagnostics and research.
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemoprophylaxis refers to the preventive use of medications to stop a disease from developing. Common examples include malaria prevention and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Chemoreception
Chemoreception is the biological process by which specialized sensory cells detect chemical stimuli and convert them into nerve signals sent to the brain.
Chemosensitivity
Chemosensitivity refers to the susceptibility of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents. It helps oncologists identify the most effective cancer treatment for each patient.
Chemotaxis (Immunology)
Chemotaxis is the directed movement of immune cells along a chemical concentration gradient – a key mechanism of the immune defense system.
Chemotherapeutic Agent
A chemotherapeutic agent is a chemical substance used to treat cancer or infectious diseases by killing or inhibiting the growth of harmful cells or pathogens.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a drug-based cancer treatment that kills tumor cells or stops their growth. It is used alone or in combination with other therapies.
Chest Compression
Chest compression is a life-saving emergency measure used during cardiac arrest. By rhythmically pressing on the chest, circulation is artificially maintained until professional help arrives.
Chest Fracture
A chest fracture refers to a break in one or more bones of the thoracic cage, such as the ribs or sternum. It is most commonly caused by trauma or accidents.
Chest Pain
Chest pain refers to any discomfort, pressure, or pain felt in the chest area and may indicate harmless or serious conditions. Medical evaluation is always recommended.
Chest Stabbing Pain
Herzstechen beschreibt ein plötzlich auftretendes, stechendes Schmerzgefühl im Brustbereich, das häufig als beunruhigend empfunden wird.
Chest Stretch
A chest stretch is a targeted mobility exercise for the thorax and thoracic spine. It improves flexibility, posture, and breathing capacity.
Chiari malformation
Chiari malformation is a structural brain defect in which part of the cerebellum extends into the spinal canal, potentially disrupting cerebrospinal fluid flow and causing neurological symptoms.
Chicken breast protein
Chicken breast is one of the best natural sources of protein. Per 100 g, it provides approx. 31 g of high-quality protein with very low fat content.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox (varicella) is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV)
Chickenpox symptoms
Chickenpox symptoms include fever, fatigue, and a characteristic itchy blister rash. Symptoms usually appear suddenly and tend to be mild in healthy children.
Chikungunya Virus
Das Chikungunya Virus verursacht Fieber und starke Gelenkschmerzen. Erfahre alles über Symptome, Behandlung, Prävention und natürliche Immunstärkung.
Child Health Record
The child health record documents medical check-ups and developmental milestones from birth to school age, including vaccinations, growth data, and health findings.
Childbirth Preparation
Childbirth preparation includes all measures that help expectant parents get ready for birth and life with a newborn, from classes and breathing techniques to mental wellness.
Chinese club moss
Huperzine A is a natural plant-derived compound from Chinese club moss that acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, supporting memory and cognitive function.
Chiropractic
Chiropractic is a field of manual medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system particularly in the area of the spine.
Chiropractor
A chiropractor is a specialist in the manual treatment of functional disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system.
Chitin degradation
Chitin degradation is the biological process by which chitin is broken down into smaller components by enzymes. It plays a key role in ecosystems, the human immune system, and biotechnology.
Chitosan Emulsion
A chitosan emulsion is a chitosan-based formulation used in medicine, cosmetics, and food technology, benefiting from its bioactive, gel-forming, and antimicrobial properties.
CHIVA Treatment
CHIVA treatment is a minimally invasive procedure for treating varicose veins. It targets specific points of venous insufficiency to restore normal blood flow while preserving healthy veins.
Chlamydia symptoms
Chlamydia symptoms are often absent or very mild. Learn which signs may indicate a chlamydial infection and when to seek medical advice.
chlamydia symptoms in women
Chlamydia in women often causes no symptoms. Common signs include unusual discharge, burning during urination, and pelvic pain. Early diagnosis helps prevent serious complications.
Chlorella Extract
Chlorella extract is derived from the green freshwater alga Chlorella and is valued as a nutrient-dense dietary supplement with a wide range of potential health benefits.
Chlorella powder
Chlorella powder is a green dietary supplement made from dried freshwater algae. It is rich in proteins, chlorophyll, and micronutrients and is widely used for detoxification and immune support.
Chlorella protein
Chlorella protein is a complete plant-based protein derived from the green microalgae Chlorella. It contains all essential amino acids and is a valuable protein source for vegans.
Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic agent that is primarily used in dental prophylaxis and therapy.
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a chemical disinfectant used in water treatment. As a dietary supplement or remedy, it is dangerous and not approved by health authorities.
Chloroform
Chloroform (trichloromethane) is a chemical compound formerly used as an anesthetic. Today it is considered hazardous to health and is rarely used in medicine.
Chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid is a naturally occurring plant polyphenol with antioxidant properties, found abundantly in coffee, berries, and various vegetables.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants, algae and cyanobacteria that is responsible for photosynthesis - the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy.
Chlorophyll Synthesis
Chlorophyll synthesis is the biochemical process by which plants and algae produce chlorophyll, the green pigment essential for photosynthesis and plant growth.
Chloroplasten
Chloroplasten sind die photosynthetisch aktiven Organellen pflanzlicher Zellen. Sie wandeln Licht in Energie um und sind entscheidend für Sauerstoffproduktion und CO₂-Bindung.
Chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene is a classic antipsychotic from the thioxanthene group, used to treat psychosis, anxiety disorders, and sleep disturbances.
Chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone is a long-acting diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and fluid retention. It works by increasing the excretion of water and salt through the kidneys.
Choanal atresia
Choanal atresia is a congenital malformation in which the posterior nasal passages are blocked, preventing airflow from the nose to the throat. It can affect one or both sides and requires immediate treatment when bilateral.
Cholagogue
A cholagogue is a substance that stimulates the production or flow of bile. These agents are used in medicine and natural health to support digestion and liver function.
Cholagogue Tablet
Cholagogue tablets are herbal medicines used to support digestion. They stimulate bile flow and help relieve symptoms such as bloating, flatulence, and a feeling of fullness.
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor arising from the cells lining the bile ducts. It can develop inside or outside the liver and is often diagnosed at a late stage.
Cholangiolithiasis
Cholangiolithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones within the bile ducts. It can cause pain, jaundice, and serious complications such as bile duct inflammation.
Cholangiopancreatography
Cholangiopancreatography is an imaging procedure used to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. It helps detect narrowings, stones, or tumors at an early stage.
Cholangiopathy
Cholangiopathy refers to a group of diseases affecting the bile ducts, which can lead to inflammation, scarring, or destruction of the biliary system and impair liver function.
Cholangitis
Cholangitis is an inflammation of the bile ducts, most often caused by a bacterial infection. It can be acute or chronic and requires prompt medical attention.
Cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol is the natural form of vitamin D3, produced in the skin upon sunlight exposure. It is essential for bone health, immune function, and numerous metabolic processes.
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
Cholecalciferol, better known as vitamin D3, is a fat-soluble form of vitamin D that is formed in the skin through exposure to sunlight.
Cholecystectomy
A cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. It is commonly performed to treat gallstones or gallbladder inflammation and is considered a safe and routine procedure.
Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a digestive hormone produced in the small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas and signals satiety to the brain after meals.
Cholecystolith
A cholecystolith is a gallstone that forms inside the gallbladder. Gallstones develop from hardened deposits of cholesterol or bile pigments and are among the most common digestive conditions worldwide.
Cholecystolithiasis
Cholecystolithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. It can cause pain, digestive issues, and serious complications if left untreated.
Choledocholith
A choledocholith is a gallstone located in the common bile duct. It can block bile flow and lead to serious complications such as jaundice or infection.
Choledocholithiasis
Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. It can cause pain, jaundice, and serious complications if left untreated.
Cholestasis Markers
Cholestasis markers are laboratory values that indicate impaired bile flow. They help doctors detect liver diseases and bile duct disorders at an early stage.
Cholestasis Therapy
Cholestasis therapy refers to all measures used to treat impaired bile flow. The goal is to restore normal bile drainage and prevent liver damage.
Cholesteatoma
A cholesteatoma is a benign but aggressive growth of skin tissue in the middle ear that can destroy bone and cause permanent hearing loss if left untreated.
Cholesteatoma Therapy
Cholesteatoma therapy involves the surgical removal of an abnormal skin cell collection in the middle ear. The goal is complete elimination of the lesion and preservation of hearing.
Cholesterin senken
Ein dauerhaft erhöhter Cholesterinspiegel, insbesondere ein hoher Anteil an LDL-Cholesterin („schlechtes“ Cholesterin), gilt als Risikofaktor für Arteriosklerose, Herzinfarkt und Schlaganfall.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance (lipid molecule) that is vital for cell membranes and is both produced in the liver and absorbed through food.
Cholesterol absorption
Cholesterol absorption describes the uptake of cholesterol from the intestine into the body. It influences blood cholesterol levels and is a key target in the treatment of lipid metabolism disorders.
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are medications that block the uptake of cholesterol in the small intestine, thereby lowering cholesterol levels in the blood.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Cholesterol biosynthesis is the biochemical process by which the body produces its own cholesterol. It occurs mainly in the liver and is essential for cell membrane integrity, hormone production, and bile acid formation.
Cholesterol Crystal
Cholesterol crystals are solid deposits of cholesterol that form in body tissues and blood vessel walls, playing a key role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol-Lowering Medications
Cholesterol-lowering medications reduce elevated blood lipid levels and help prevent serious cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke.
Cholestyramine
Cholestyramine is a medication used to lower elevated cholesterol levels. It works as an ion exchange resin by binding bile acids in the intestine.
Choline Bitartrate
Choline bitartrate is a highly bioavailable form of choline used as a dietary supplement. It supports liver function, fat metabolism, and brain health.
Choline Deficiency
Choline deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough of the essential nutrient choline. It can impair liver function, brain health, and muscle integrity.
Cholinergic Agent
A cholinergic agent is a substance that activates the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking or enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Cholinergic System
The cholinergic system is the part of the nervous system that uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. It controls muscle movement, memory, digestion, and many other vital body functions.
Cholinesterase Inhibition
Cholinesterase inhibition refers to the blocking of the enzyme cholinesterase, causing acetylcholine to accumulate and act longer in the body. It is relevant in both medicine and toxicology.
Chondrocalcinosis
Chondrocalcinosis is a joint disease in which calcium pyrophosphate crystals deposit in cartilage tissue, potentially causing pain, swelling, and inflammation.
Chondrocyte
Chondrocytes are the specialized cells of cartilage tissue. They produce and maintain the cartilage matrix and are essential for joint health and mobility.
Chondrocyte Cell Culture
Chondrocyte cell culture is a biotechnological procedure in which a patient´s own cartilage cells are grown in a laboratory and then used to treat cartilage defects in joints.
Chondrocyte Culture
Chondrocyte culture is a biotechnological process in which cartilage cells are grown outside the body under laboratory conditions. It is used in regenerative medicine to repair cartilage defects.
Chondrocyte implantation
Chondrocyte implantation is a surgical procedure used to repair cartilage defects by transplanting the patient's own cultured cartilage cells into the damaged area.
Chondrocyte Metabolism
Chondrocyte metabolism refers to the biological processes within cartilage cells that regulate the formation and maintenance of cartilage tissue. Disruptions can lead to conditions such as osteoarthritis.
Chondrocyte Therapy
Chondrocyte therapy is a biological procedure for treating cartilage defects, in which the patient´s own cartilage cells are cultivated in a lab and reimplanted into the damaged joint.
Chondrocyte therapy protocol
The chondrocyte therapy protocol is a standardized treatment plan for cartilage cell therapy, used to repair cartilage defects in joints such as the knee.
Chondrodysplasia
Chondrodysplasia refers to a group of inherited skeletal disorders caused by abnormal cartilage and bone development, leading to short stature and skeletal deformities.
Chondroitin
Chondroitin is a natural component of cartilage tissue and is widely used as a dietary supplement to support joint health and reduce osteoarthritis symptoms.
Chondroitin Kinase
Chondroitin kinase is an enzyme that chemically modifies chondroitin through phosphorylation. It plays a role in proteoglycan metabolism and the biology of the extracellular matrix.
Chondroitin Sulfate
Chondroitinsulfat ist ein körpereigener Bestandteil des Knorpelgewebes und gehört zur Gruppe der Glykosaminoglykane.
Chondroitin Sulfate Complex
The chondroitin sulfate complex is a natural component of cartilage tissue and is widely used as a dietary supplement to support joint health and reduce osteoarthritis symptoms.
Chondromalacia
Chondromalacia refers to the softening and breakdown of articular cartilage. It most commonly affects the kneecap and causes joint pain and restricted movement.
Chondromalacia patellae
Chondromalacia patellae is a softening and degeneration of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap, causing knee pain and reduced mobility.
Chondronecrosis
Chondronecrosis refers to the death of cartilage tissue. It can affect joints, the ear, or the larynx and requires prompt medical attention for the best outcome.
Chondropathy
Chondropathy refers to a disease or damage of the articular cartilage. It causes joint pain and restricted movement, commonly affecting the knee, hip, or shoulder.
Chondroprotective Agent
A chondroprotective agent is a substance that protects joint cartilage, supports its regeneration, and slows cartilage breakdown. It is commonly used in osteoarthritis.
Chordal Rupture
A chordal rupture is the tearing of one or more chordae tendineae in the heart, which support the valve leaflets. It can lead to severe valve regurgitation and heart failure.
Chorioamnionitis
Chorioamnionitis is a bacterial inflammation of the fetal membranes and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It poses serious risks to both mother and baby.
Chorioretinitis
Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid and retina of the eye. It can threaten vision and requires prompt medical evaluation and treatment.
Choroiditis
Choroiditis is an inflammation of the choroid, a vascular layer at the back of the eye. It can threaten vision and requires prompt medical evaluation.
Chromaffin
Chromaffin cells are specialized neuroendocrine cells found mainly in the adrenal medulla that produce and release stress hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Chromaffin Cells
Chromaffin cells are specialized neuroendocrine cells found primarily in the adrenal medulla. They produce and store catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Chromium tablets
Chrom tablets support blood sugar regulation, improve insulin sensitivity and can help stabilise blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes.
Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein produced by neuroendocrine cells and serves as an important biomarker for neuroendocrine tumors in clinical diagnostics.
Chromoprotein
Chromoproteins are colored proteins that contain a non-protein pigment group called a chromophore. They perform vital biological functions such as oxygen transport, light perception, and energy metabolism.
Chromosomal Aberration
A chromosomal aberration is a structural or numerical change in the chromosomes that can lead to genetic disorders and developmental abnormalities.
Chromosome Set
A chromosome set refers to the complete collection of chromosomes in a cell. In humans, it consists of 46 chromosomes and forms the basis of genetic inheritance.
chronic blood loss
Chronic blood loss refers to a persistent, often gradual loss of blood over an extended period of time. It can lead to iron deficiency and anemia and requires medical evaluation.
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is a permanent inflammation of the bronchial tubes with a persistent cough.
Chronic Cough
Chronic cough is defined as a cough lasting more than eight weeks. It is a common symptom with many possible causes and should always be evaluated by a doctor.
Chronic epitympanic otitis media
Chronic epitympanic otitis media is a long-term inflammatory condition of the middle ear affecting the epitympanum. It often involves cholesteatoma formation and may require surgical treatment.
Chronic Fatigue
Chronic fatigue is a persistent state of extreme exhaustion that is not relieved by sleep and significantly impairs daily functioning and quality of life.
Chronic Gastritis
Chronic gastritis is a long-lasting inflammation of the stomach lining. It can be caused by bacteria, medications, or autoimmune processes and requires medical evaluation and treatment.
Chronic Itch
Chronic itch (pruritus) is a persistent itching sensation lasting more than 6 weeks. It can have many causes and significantly reduce quality of life.
Chronic Liver Disease
Chronic liver disease refers to a long-term condition in which the liver is progressively damaged over months or years, potentially leading to permanent impairment of liver function.
Chronic mesotympanic otitis media
Chronic mesotympanic otitis media is a long-term middle ear infection characterized by a central eardrum perforation without cholesteatoma, causing recurrent ear discharge and hearing loss.
Chronic Migraine
Chronic migraine is a neurological condition defined by headaches occurring on at least 15 days per month for more than 3 months. It is one of the most common neurological disorders and significantly impacts quality of life.
Chronic Pain
Chronic pain is pain that persists for more than three months. It can have many causes and significantly affect a person´s quality of life and daily functioning.
Chronic Periodontitis
Chronic periodontitis is a slowly progressing inflammation of the tooth-supporting structures that can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. It is one of the most common dental diseases worldwide.
Chronic Pharyngitis
Chronic pharyngitis is a long-lasting inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the throat. It causes persistent sore throat, dry cough, and difficulty swallowing.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a long-term inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses lasting more than 12 weeks, significantly affecting quality of life and daily functioning.
Chronic sinusitis
Chronic sinusitis is a long-lasting inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
Chronic stress
Chronic stress is a prolonged state of physical and mental strain that can seriously harm health and contribute to a wide range of medical conditions.
Chronic Wound
A chronic wound is a wound that fails to heal within eight weeks despite proper treatment. It commonly occurs in people with diabetes, circulatory disorders, or pressure ulcers.
Chronische Müdigkeit
Chronische Müdigkeit beschreibt einen anhaltenden Zustand körperlicher, geistiger oder emotionaler Erschöpfung, der über Wochen oder Monate bestehen bleibt, selbst bei ausreichend Schlaf.
Chronisches Erschöpfungssyndrom
Das Chronische Erschöpfungssyndrom (CFS) ist eine komplexe, multisystemische Erkrankung, die durch anhaltende, lähmende Erschöpfung und eine erhebliche Belastungsintoleranz gekennzeichnet ist.
Chronobiological Regulation
Chronobiological regulation describes the internal control of biological processes according to time-based rhythms, influencing sleep, metabolism, and the immune system.
Chronobiological Therapy
Chronobiological therapy uses the body´s natural biological rhythms to time treatments optimally, improving their effectiveness and reducing side effects.
Chronobiology
Chronobiology is the scientific study of biological rhythms in living organisms. It explores how internal clocks regulate sleep, metabolism, and overall health.
Chronopharmacology
Chronopharmacology studies how the timing of medication intake influences drug efficacy and tolerability. Biological rhythms play a central role in this field.
Chronotherapeutic Agent
A chronotherapeutic agent is a medication timed to the body biological clock to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize side effects throughout the day.
Chronotoxicology
Chronotoxicology studies how the body's biological clock affects the toxicity and tolerability of substances and medications. The timing of exposure can be critically important.
Chylomicron
Chylomicrons are tiny fat-carrying particles in the blood that transport dietary fats from the intestine to the body. They play a key role in lipid metabolism.
Chylothorax
Chylothorax is an accumulation of lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the chest cavity. It is usually caused by injury or disease affecting the thoracic duct and requires prompt medical attention.
Cicatrisation Atelectasis
Cicatrisation atelectasis is a form of lung collapse caused by fibrous scar tissue that contracts and permanently closes off air spaces in the lung. It results from fibrotic remodeling of the lung tissue.
Ciclopirox
Ciclopirox is a synthetic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails. It inhibits fungal growth and is available as creams, nail lacquers, and shampoos.
Ciliary body
The ciliary body is a ring-shaped structure inside the eye responsible for producing aqueous humor and controlling lens accommodation for clear vision at all distances.
Cimicifuga
Cimicifuga is a medicinal plant used to relieve menopausal symptoms. Its root contains bioactive compounds that may exert hormone-like effects on the body.
Cinnamic acid
Cinnamic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid found primarily in cinnamon. It is widely studied for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
Cinnamon bark extract
Cinnamon bark extract is obtained from the bark of the cinnamon tree and is beneficial to health due to its high concentration of bioactive compounds.
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone class, used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections.
Circulatory Disorder
A circulatory disorder occurs when tissues or organs receive insufficient blood supply, and thus too little oxygen and nutrients.
Circulatory Problems
Circulatory problems occur when the cardiovascular system fails to supply the body adequately with blood and oxygen. Common symptoms include dizziness, fainting, and weakness.
Circulatory system
Der Blutkreislauf ist das geschlossene Gefäßsystem des Körpers, das Blut mithilfe des Herzens durch Arterien, Venen und Kapillaren transportiert.
Cirrhosis Stage
The cirrhosis stage describes the severity of liver cirrhosis. Staging helps doctors assess disease progression and plan the most appropriate treatment.
Cisatracurium
Cisatracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used in anesthesia to relax skeletal muscles and facilitate endotracheal intubation.
Cistus duck
Cistus tea has an antioxidant and antiviral effect. Find out how the tea protects the immune system and helps with intestinal problems.
Citalopram
Citalopram is an antidepressant belonging to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
Citicoline
Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound in the body used as a dietary supplement and pharmaceutical agent. It supports brain function and is applied in neurological conditions.
Citric acid
Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid found in many fruits and widely used as a food additive, preservative, and in various medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway in the cell that releases energy from nutrients. It takes place in the mitochondria and is essential for cellular energy production.
Citricidal (grapefruit seed extract)
Citricidal is the brand name of a grapefruit seed extract (GKE) obtained from the seeds, peel and membranes of grapefruit and marketed as a natural antimicrobial agent.
Claisen condensation
The Claisen condensation is a chemical reaction in which two esters are joined under base catalysis to form a beta-ketoester. It plays a key role in organic chemistry and in biochemical metabolic pathways.
Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal system.
Claudication
Claudication refers to exercise-induced pain or cramping in the legs caused by reduced blood flow. It is a hallmark symptom of peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
Claudin 18.2
Claudin 18.2 is a cell surface protein overexpressed in gastric and pancreatic cancer, serving as a key therapeutic target for precision oncology treatments.
Claustrophobia
Claustrophobia is an intense fear of enclosed or confined spaces. It is a common specific phobia that can significantly impact daily life and well-being.
Clavicle Fracture
A clavicle fracture is a break of the collarbone, one of the most common bone injuries. It typically results from falls or direct impact to the shoulder area.
Clear Cell Acanthoma
Clear cell acanthoma is a rare, benign skin tumor that typically appears as a reddish nodule on the lower legs. It is harmless and usually treated by surgical removal.
Clear Whey
Clear Whey is a transparent, fruit-flavored protein drink based on whey. It delivers high-quality protein without a milky taste and is ideal for sports and muscle building.
Clemizole Benzylpenicillin
Clemizole benzylpenicillin is a depot penicillin used to treat bacterial infections. It is administered by intramuscular injection and releases the active ingredient slowly over time.
Climacteric
The climacteric refers to the transitional phase in a woman's life surrounding her last menstrual period. It involves hormonal changes that can cause symptoms such as hot flashes and mood swings.
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is an antibiotic from the lincosamide class that acts against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes. It is used to treat skin, bone, and respiratory tract infections.
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel is a prescription antiplatelet medication used to prevent blood clots. It reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Closed Fracture
A closed fracture is a bone break in which the skin above the fracture remains intact. It is one of the most common bone injuries and is treated conservatively or surgically.
Clostridia
Clostridia are anaerobic bacteria that can cause serious infections such as tetanus, botulism, and intestinal inflammation. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Clostridial Colitis
Clostridial colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile. It most commonly occurs after antibiotic use and can cause severe diarrhea.
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus, a dangerous disease characterized by severe muscle spasms. It produces one of the most potent neurotoxins known.
Clumping Factor
The clumping factor is a surface protein found on certain bacteria that enables attachment to blood clots and tissue, playing a key role in bacterial infections.
Cluster Feeding Baby
Cluster feeding in babies refers to frequent, closely spaced nursing sessions within a few hours. It is a natural behavior commonly seen in the first weeks of life.
cluster headache
Cluster headache is a rare but extremely painful headache disorder with stabbing pain around one eye, occurring in cyclical attack periods.
Cluster Headaches
Clusterkopfschmerzen zählen zu den stärksten bekannten Kopfschmerzformen und treten typischerweise einseitig auf, meist im Bereich von Auge, Schläfe oder Stirn.
Cluster of Differentiation
Cluster of Differentiation (CD) is a standardized system for classifying cell surface molecules used in immunology to identify and characterize immune cells.
Clusterfeeding
Clusterfeeding bezeichnet Phasen, in denen ein Säugling innerhalb weniger Stunden sehr häufig und in kurzen Abständen gestillt werden möchte.
CMV Infection
CMV infection is a common viral infection caused by the cytomegalovirus. It is usually harmless in healthy individuals but can be dangerous for immunocompromised patients and unborn children.
Co-trimoxazole
Co-trimoxazole is a combination antibiotic containing trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. It is used to treat bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections and pneumonia.
Coagulation
Coagulation is the process by which blood transforms from a liquid into a solid clot. This vital mechanism stops bleeding after blood vessel injuries and is essential for survival.
Coagulation Activation
Coagulation activation is the process by which blood clots at the site of a vessel injury to stop bleeding. It is a vital, tightly regulated defence mechanism of the body.
Coagulation Diagnostics
Coagulation diagnostics involves laboratory tests that assess the blood clotting system. It helps detect bleeding disorders and monitor anticoagulant therapies.
Coagulation Factor
Coagulation factors are proteins in the blood that are essential for blood clotting. They work together to seal wounds and prevent excessive bleeding.
Coagulation Test
A coagulation test measures the blood´s ability to clot and helps detect clotting disorders at an early stage. It is used before surgeries or when a bleeding disorder is suspected.
Coagulative Necrosis
Coagulative necrosis is a type of cell death in which tissue dies due to protein denaturation. It most commonly results from oxygen deprivation (ischemia).
Coagulopathy
Coagulopathy refers to a disorder of blood clotting in which the blood either clots too slowly or too rapidly. Affected individuals may experience excessive bleeding or an increased risk of thrombosis.
Cobb Angle
The Cobb angle is a radiological measurement used to assess the severity of spinal curvatures such as scoliosis. It is the internationally accepted standard in spinal diagnostics.
Coccyx pain
Coccyx pain (coccydynia) refers to pain at the very base of the spine. It is often caused by falls, prolonged sitting, or childbirth, and is usually treatable without surgery.
Coconut Blossom Sugar
Coconut blossom sugar is a natural sweetener derived from the nectar of the coconut palm. It is considered a less processed alternative to refined white sugar and contains small amounts of minerals and antioxidants.
Coconut oil
Coconut oil is a plant-based oil extracted from the flesh of the coconut. It is used in nutrition, cosmetics, and alternative medicine.
Codepression
Codepression beschreibt Depression in Beziehungen. Erfahre, wie emotionale Ansteckung wirkt und welche Therapieformen helfen können.
Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the consumption of gluten leads to inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a vital molecule in human metabolism, playing a central role in energy production and the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids.
Coenzyme Activation
Coenzyme activation is the biochemical process by which a vitamin or precursor molecule is converted into its biologically active coenzyme form, enabling enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions.
Coenzyme Complex
A coenzyme complex is a combination of several coenzymes that work together to support biochemical processes in the body. Such complexes are frequently used as dietary supplements.
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q₁₀, also known as ubiquinone, is essential for metabolism and is an antioxidant produced by the human body.
Coenzyme Replacement
Coenzyme replacement refers to the targeted supplementation of coenzymes or their precursors to correct deficiencies and support essential biochemical processes in the body.
Coenzyme Substitution
Coenzyme substitution refers to the targeted administration of coenzymes to correct deficiencies and support enzymatic metabolic processes in the body.
Coffee detox
A coffee detox can help reduce dependence on caffeine and de-stress the nervous system. Find out more about the benefits, withdrawal symptoms and healthy alternatives.
Coffee Enema
A coffee enema is an alternative medicine practice in which brewed coffee is introduced rectally into the colon. It is often promoted for detoxification but is not supported by mainstream medicine.
Cognitive Impairment
Eine kognitive Störung beschreibt eine Beeinträchtigung geistiger Funktionen, die Denkprozesse, Aufmerksamkeit, Gedächtnis, Sprache und Orientierung betreffen kann.
Cohesion (Chemistry)
Cohesion in chemistry refers to the attractive forces between identical molecules of the same substance. It is responsible for the structural integrity of liquids and solids.
Cold Agglutinin
Cold agglutinins are antibodies that cause red blood cells to clump together at low temperatures and can lead to a form of hemolytic anemia.
Cold Allergy
Cold allergy, or cold urticaria, is a hypersensitivity reaction of the skin to cold stimuli, causing hives, redness, and itching. It belongs to the group of physical urticarias.
Cold Leg Wraps
Wadenwickel sind ein bewährtes Hausmittel zur Fiebersenkung und zur Linderung von Entzündungen oder Schmerzen.
Cold sores
Lip herpes is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which typically manifests itself in the form of painful, weeping blisters on the lips or around the mouth.
Cold Symptoms
Cold symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat, and cough are typical signs of a viral respiratory infection. Learn which symptoms may occur and when to see a doctor.
Cold Therapy
Cold therapy is the targeted use of cold to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and support recovery from injuries. It is widely used in medicine, rehabilitation, and sports.
Colesevelam
Colesevelam is a prescription medication used to lower elevated LDL cholesterol levels and to improve blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the class of bile acid sequestrants.
Colitis Focus
A colitis focus is a localized area of inflammation in the large intestine. It occurs in various bowel diseases and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain or blood in the stool.
Collagen Biosynthesis Markers
Collagen biosynthesis markers are laboratory parameters that indicate the rate of new collagen formation in the body, used in the diagnosis of bone, joint, and connective tissue disorders.
Collagen Cross-Linking
Collagen cross-linking is the biochemical process of forming covalent bonds between collagen molecules, giving tissues like skin, bone, and tendons their strength and elasticity.
Collagen deficiency
Collagen is the most important structural protein in the human body and makes up around 30 % of the total protein content. A lack of collagen leads to remarkable changes in the body.
Collagen Degradation
Collagen degradation is the enzymatic breakdown of collagen fibers in connective tissue. It affects skin, joints, and bones, and increases naturally with age.
Collagen for osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a widespread degenerative joint disease that is often accompanied by pain and restricted movement.
Collagen hydrolysate
Collagen hydrolysate strengthens skin, joints and bones. Find out more about bovine collagen, marine collagen and why vegan collagen doesn'tt actually exist.
Collagen Hydrolysate Intake
Collagen hydrolysate intake refers to the targeted consumption of hydrolyzed collagen through food or dietary supplements to support skin, joint, and bone health.
Collagen kinetics
Collagen kinetics describes the processes of collagen synthesis, remodeling, and degradation in the body. It is key to tissue repair, skin aging, and bone stability.
Collagen Metabolism
Collagen metabolism encompasses the synthesis, remodeling, and breakdown of collagen in the body. It is essential for healthy skin, bones, joints, and connective tissue.
Collagen Peptide Supplementation
Collagen peptide supplementation provides bioactive protein building blocks to support skin, joints, and bones. Learn about its mechanism, dosage, and health benefits.
Collagen Peptides
Collagen peptides are short protein chains derived from hydrolyzed collagen. They support skin elasticity, joint health, and bone strength and are widely used as dietary supplements.
Collagen Protein Synthesis
Collagen protein synthesis is the biological process by which the body produces collagen – the most abundant structural protein in human tissue.
Collagen Regeneration
Collagen regeneration refers to the natural or supported process by which the body rebuilds collagen. Collagen is the most important structural protein in connective tissue, skin, bones, and joints.
Collagen resorption
Collagen resorption is the biochemical breakdown of collagen in the human body. This natural process plays a key role in tissue renewal, bone healing, and skin aging.
Collagen resorption markers
Collagen resorption markers are laboratory values that indicate bone breakdown. They help doctors detect and monitor osteoporosis and other bone diseases at an early stage.
Collagen Structure
Collagen structure refers to the molecular architecture of collagen, the most abundant structural protein in the human body, providing strength and elasticity to tissues.
Collagen Structure Analysis
Collagen structure analysis examines the composition and quality of collagen fibers in tissue. It is used to diagnose connective tissue disorders and assess skin health and wound healing.
Collagen Synthesis Rate
The collagen synthesis rate describes how quickly the body produces new collagen, directly influencing the health of skin, bones, and connective tissue.
Collagen Type 1
Collagen Type 1 is the most abundant structural protein in the human body. It strengthens skin, bones, tendons and ligaments and plays a key role in the firmness and elasticity of connective tissue.
Collagen Type 2
Collagen Type 2 is the primary structural protein found in cartilage tissue and plays a key role in maintaining healthy joints and overall mobility.
Collagen Type 3
Collagen Type 3 is a structural protein found in skin, blood vessels, and internal organs that provides elasticity and strength to connective tissue throughout the body.
Collagen types
Collagen is the most common protein in the human body and an essential component of skin, bones, tendons, cartilage and connective tissue.
Collagenosis
Collagenosis refers to a group of autoimmune diseases affecting the connective tissue. The immune system attacks the body's own structures, potentially involving multiple organs.
Colles Fracture
A Colles fracture is a break of the distal radius bone just above the wrist, typically caused by falling onto an outstretched hand. It is one of the most common fractures.
Collum radii
The collum radii is the anatomical neck of the radius bone in the forearm, located just below the radial head. Fractures of this region are common and frequently affect children.
Cologne list
The Cologne List ® is an important initiative in competitive sports that offers athletes guidance in the selection of nutritional supplements.
Colon carcinoma
Colon carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the large intestine. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide and has a good prognosis when detected early.
Colon Diagnostics
Colon diagnostics refers to medical examinations used to detect diseases of the large intestine, such as polyps, inflammation, or colorectal cancer. It is a key part of preventive healthcare and early detection.
Colon Microbiome Analysis
Colon microbiome analysis examines all microorganisms living in the large intestine, providing insight into gut flora composition. It helps identify imbalances and supports targeted treatment strategies.
Colon Polyp
A colon polyp is a small growth on the inner lining of the large intestine that is usually benign but can develop into colorectal cancer. Early detection via colonoscopy is key.
Colonic Atresia
Colonic atresia is a rare congenital malformation in which the large intestine (colon) is completely or partially obstructed. It is a neonatal emergency that typically requires surgical treatment shortly after birth.
Colonic Diverticula
Colonic diverticula are small pouches that form in the wall of the large intestine. They are very common and usually cause no symptoms, but can become inflamed.
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is a key endoscopic procedure used to examine the large intestine.
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Colorectal cancer screening includes medical tests to detect bowel cancer early, before symptoms appear. Regular screening can save lives.
Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
Colorectal cancer often causes no symptoms in its early stages. Key warning signs include blood in the stool, changes in bowel habits, and persistent abdominal pain. Early detection saves lives.
Colostrum Basic Proteins (CBP)
Colostrum Basic Proteins (CBP) are particularly valuable as they provide a concentrated source of nutrients that support the immune system, promote regeneration and help the body fight disease.
Colostrum Immune Factors
Colostrum immune factors are bioactive compounds found in the first milk of mammals, known for their immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties.
Colposcopy
Colposcopy is a gynecological examination that uses a magnifying instrument to closely inspect the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of abnormal cells or early-stage cervical cancer.
combating inner restlessness
Combating inner restlessness: Learn about the causes of nervousness and tension, and discover effective methods to reduce restlessness and regain calm.
Comedolytic
Comedolytic describes substances that dissolve comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) or prevent their formation. They are widely used in acne treatment.
Comminuted fracture
A comminuted fracture is a severe type of bone break in which the bone shatters into three or more fragments. It usually results from high-energy trauma and often requires surgical treatment.
Common Bile Duct
The common bile duct (ductus choledochus) carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. It plays a vital role in fat digestion and nutrient absorption.
Common Bile Duct Revision
A common bile duct revision is a surgical procedure to examine and clear the bile duct, most commonly to remove gallstones or relieve obstructions.
Common Carotid Artery
The common carotid artery is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies the head and brain with oxygen-rich blood. It is one of the most vital arteries in the human body.
Compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome is a medical emergency in which dangerous pressure buildup within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply, leading to tissue damage and potential permanent injury.
Complement consumption
Complement consumption refers to the activation and depletion of complement proteins in the blood. It is a key marker in autoimmune diseases and severe infections.
Complement System
The complement system is a part of the innate immune system consisting of proteins that detect and destroy pathogens. It plays a central role in immune defense.
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is an immune mechanism in which antibodies and the complement system work together to destroy target cells. It plays a key role in immune defense and cancer therapy.
Complementary feeding oil
Complementary feeding oil refers to plant-based oils recommended for infants from the start of solid food introduction. It provides essential fatty acids vital for early development.
Complete Blood Count
A complete blood count (CBC) is a comprehensive blood test that measures red and white blood cells, platelets, and includes a detailed breakdown of white blood cell types to detect a wide range of conditions.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A complete blood count (CBC) is a routine blood test that measures the key cellular components of blood, providing early indications of conditions such as anemia or infection.
Complex II
Complex II is an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism.
Complex III
Complex III is a key enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that transfers electrons and contributes to energy production in the form of ATP.
Complex IV
Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, is the final enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and is essential for cellular energy production.
Composite filling
A composite filling is a tooth-colored dental restoration made from resin and ceramic particles. It is used to treat cavities and tooth defects, offering a natural and aesthetic result.
Compressed Eating Window
The compressed eating window is a dietary strategy where all daily meals are confined to a short, defined time frame. It is a form of intermittent fasting.
Compression fracture
A compression fracture is a type of bone break in which a vertebra collapses under pressure. It is most commonly linked to osteoporosis and causes back pain.
Compression Stockings
Compression stockings are medical garments that apply controlled pressure to the legs to improve blood circulation. They are used for venous insufficiency, edema, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis.
Compulsive buying disorder
Compulsive buying disorder is a mental health condition in which individuals feel an uncontrollable urge to shop. It can lead to serious financial and social consequences.
Concordance
Concordance in medicine refers to the degree of agreement between two individuals or measurements, such as treatment alignment between doctor and patient or genetic similarity in twin studies.
Conditioning
Conditioning is a psychological learning process in which behaviors and responses are shaped by stimuli or consequences. It plays a key role in medicine and psychotherapy.
Condylomata
Condylomata are benign skin growths in the genital and anal area caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). They are among the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.
Conflict management
Conflict management refers to strategies and methods used to constructively resolve interpersonal or internal conflicts and promote mental health and well-being.
Confluence
Confluence is a medical term describing the merging or flowing together of skin lesions, anatomical structures, or other findings into one larger, continuous area.
Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis
Congenital dermal melanocytosis is a benign, birthmark condition in which melanocytes remain in the deep skin layer, causing bluish-grey patches visible at birth.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a serious condition caused by rubella virus infection during pregnancy. It can lead to heart defects, deafness, and visual impairments in the newborn.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is a common eye disease in which the conjunctiva, the thin mucous membrane that covers the eye and the inside of the eyelids, is inflamed.
Connective Tissue Analysis
Connective tissue analysis is a diagnostic method used to assess the condition and quality of connective tissue. It is applied in medicine, physiotherapy, dermatology, and cosmetics.
Connective Tissue Cell
Connective tissue cells are specialized cells that form the structural and functional backbone of connective tissue, supporting, connecting, and nourishing organs throughout the body.
Connective Tissue Hormone
Connective tissue hormones regulate the formation and maintenance of connective tissue in the body. Learn which hormones are involved and how they affect skin, bones, and joints.
Connective Tissue Hormone Analysis
Connective tissue hormone analysis is a diagnostic procedure that evaluates how hormones affect connective tissue health. It helps detect early changes in skin, joints, and fascia.
Connective Tissue Massage
Connective tissue massage is a specialized manual therapy that targets the subcutaneous connective tissue and uses reflex pathways to positively influence internal organs and body functions.
Connective Tissue Regeneration
Connective tissue regeneration refers to the natural renewal and repair of connective tissue in the body. It is essential for wound healing and the maintenance of skin, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments.
Connective Tissue Weakness
Connective tissue weakness refers to reduced firmness and elasticity of connective tissue, which can cause symptoms such as varicose veins, cellulite, or joint instability.
Constipation
Constipation is a common digestive disorder characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, or difficulty passing stool. It affects people of all ages and can often be managed with lifestyle changes.
Constipation
Constipation means infrequent or difficult bowel movements. Learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Constipation Prophylaxis
Constipation prophylaxis includes all preventive measures to avoid constipation. The goal is regular bowel movements through a balanced diet, physical activity, and adequate fluid intake.
Constipation Therapy
Constipation therapy includes all measures used to treat constipation, ranging from dietary changes and physical activity to laxative medications.
Constitutional Therapy
Constitutional therapy is a holistic treatment approach that considers the whole person, incorporating individual predispositions as well as physical and psychological characteristics into the healing process.
Constrictive Pericarditis
Constrictive pericarditis is a chronic heart condition in which the pericardium becomes scarred and thickened, restricting the heart from filling properly.
Contact Allergies
Contact allergies are allergic skin reactions triggered by direct contact with certain substances. They typically cause redness, itching, or blistering at the site of contact.
Contact person
A contact person is an individual who has had close contact with a confirmed or suspected infectious case and may therefore be at risk of infection. Contact tracing is a key tool in public health.
Contact Poison
A contact poison is a toxic substance that enters the body through skin contact and triggers harmful effects. It is found in pesticides, industrial chemicals, and nature.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is a kidney replacement therapy that uses the peritoneum as a natural filter membrane, allowing patients with renal failure to perform dialysis at home.
Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis
Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) is a form of home dialysis in which an automated device performs several fluid exchanges in the abdominal cavity overnight.
Continuous hormone therapy
Continuous hormone therapy is a form of hormone replacement therapy in which oestrogen and progestogen are taken daily without interruption to provide lasting relief from menopausal symptoms.
Contraceptive methods
Contraceptive methods are techniques used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. They vary in mechanism, effectiveness, and application, and should be chosen based on individual health needs.
Contraceptives
Contraceptives are methods or substances used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. They include hormonal, barrier, and chemical approaches.
Contraction interval
The contraction interval is the time between the start of one contraction and the start of the next. It is a key indicator of labor progress.
Contracture
A contracture is the permanent shortening of muscles, tendons, or connective tissue, leading to restricted or lost movement in a joint.
Controlled Attenuation Parameter
The Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) is a non-invasive ultrasound-based method used to measure the fat content of the liver, often combined with liver elastography.
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
Conus medullaris syndrome is a rare spinal cord injury affecting the terminal end of the spinal cord, causing motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction including bladder and bowel impairment.
Convalescence
Convalescence is the recovery phase following an illness or surgery, during which the body gradually regains strength and returns to full functioning.
Convalescence Phase
The convalescence phase is the recovery period following an illness, surgery, or injury, during which the body gradually regains its full strength and functionality.
Conventional dendritic cell
Conventional dendritic cells are specialized immune cells that capture antigens and present them to T cells. They play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses.
Coombs Test
The Coombs test is a diagnostic procedure used to detect antibodies against red blood cells. It is applied in cases of suspected hemolytic anemia or blood group incompatibility.
Coordination
Coordination is the ability of the body to perform movements precisely, harmoniously and in a targeted manner. It is a fundamental motor skill.
COPD stages
COPD stages describe the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Classification follows GOLD criteria and guides individualized treatment decisions.
COPD Symptoms
COPD symptoms include chronic cough, mucus production, and shortness of breath. Learn which signs may indicate COPD and when to seek medical advice.
Copper peptide
Copper peptide is a bioactive compound combining copper with amino acids, widely used in medicine and cosmetics to support skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging.
Copper Sulfate
Copper sulfate is an inorganic copper compound used in medicine, agriculture, and industry. In small doses, it exhibits antimicrobial and fungicidal properties.
Coracoclavicular
Coracoclavicular refers to the anatomical connection between the coracoid process of the scapula and the clavicle. The coracoclavicular ligament is essential for shoulder joint stability.
Core Body Temperature
Core body temperature refers to the temperature within the internal organs of the human body. In healthy adults, it ranges from approximately 36.5 to 37.5 °C and is essential for survival.
Core stability
Core stability refers to the ability of the trunk muscles to stabilize the spine, pelvis, and hips. It is essential for posture, movement, and injury prevention.
Cori cycle
The Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway linking muscle and liver, where lactate is converted back into glucose. It maintains energy supply during intense physical activity.
Corn or wart
Corn or wart? Both cause skin changes on the foot but differ in cause and treatment. Learn how to tell them apart and when to see a doctor.
Corneal Opacity
Corneal opacity is a loss of transparency in the cornea of the eye that can impair vision. It may result from injuries, infections, or underlying eye diseases.
Corona phlebectatica
Corona phlebectatica is a clinical sign of advanced chronic venous insufficiency, presenting as fan-shaped dilated veins visible around the ankle and foot.
Corona Symptoms
Corona symptoms are signs of infection with SARS-CoV-2. They range from mild cold-like complaints to severe respiratory problems requiring medical attention.
Coronavirus
Coronaviruses are a family of RNA viruses that cause respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe diseases such as COVID-19.
Corpus femoris
The corpus femoris is the shaft of the femur (thigh bone), connecting the hip joint to the knee joint. It forms the central, cylindrical mid-section of the strongest bone in the human body.
Corpus radii
The corpus radii is the middle shaft section of the radius, one of the two forearm bones. It connects the radial head to the distal end of the radius.
Corrective Glasses
Corrective glasses compensate for vision errors such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism using optical lenses, improving visual acuity and quality of life.
Corrective osteotomy
A corrective osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut and repositioned to correct misalignments, relieve joint pressure, and reduce pain.
Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are natural or synthetic hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, known for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.
Corticosteroid Therapy
Corticosteroid therapy is a medical treatment using corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and regulate the immune system in a wide range of conditions.
Cortisol Axis
The cortisol axis is a key hormonal system that controls the body's stress response. It regulates cortisol release and influences metabolism, the immune system, and mental well-being.
Cortisol axis markers
Cortisol axis markers are laboratory parameters that measure the activity of the stress hormone axis (HPA axis) and are used to diagnose hormonal disorders.
Cortisol axis optimization
Cortisol axis optimization refers to strategies for regulating the HPA axis to maintain balanced cortisol levels, improve stress resilience, and support overall health.
Cortisol axis optimization markers
Cortisol axis optimization markers are diagnostic parameters used to assess HPA axis function. They help evaluate stress responses, adrenal function, and cortisol regulation.
Cortisol Axis Test
The cortisol axis test is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and assess cortisol production in the body.
Cortisol Belly
Cortisol belly refers to excess abdominal fat caused by chronically elevated cortisol levels. Stress, poor sleep, and medical conditions can all be contributing factors.
Cortisol Daily Profile
The cortisol daily profile illustrates the typical fluctuation of the stress hormone cortisol throughout the day. It is used to diagnose hormonal disorders such as Addison disease or Cushing syndrome.
Cortisol kinetics analysis
Cortisol kinetics analysis examines how cortisol levels change over time in blood or saliva. It provides key insights into adrenal gland function and the stress hormone axis.
Cortisol kinetics markers
Cortisol kinetics markers are diagnostic parameters that describe the time-dependent pattern of cortisol secretion, providing insight into the function of the body's stress response axis.
Cortisol Level
The cortisol level measures the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol in the blood. It plays a key role in metabolism, immune function, and mental well-being.
Cortisol Measurement
Cortisol measurement is a laboratory test used to determine cortisol levels in blood, urine, or saliva. It helps diagnose hormonal disorders such as Cushing syndrome or Addison disease.
Cortisol Metabolism
Cortisol metabolism describes the production, transport, action, and breakdown of the stress hormone cortisol in the human body. It plays a central role in stress response, immune regulation, and energy balance.
Cortisol Provocation Test
The cortisol provocation test is a diagnostic procedure used to assess adrenal gland function and the stress hormone response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Cortisol Rhythm
The cortisol rhythm describes the natural daily fluctuation of the stress hormone cortisol in the body. It follows a circadian pattern and is essential for energy levels, sleep quality, and overall health.
Cortisol Rhythm Analysis
Cortisol rhythm analysis measures cortisol levels at multiple points throughout the day, providing insight into stress axis function and potential hormonal imbalances.
Cortisol rhythm disorder
A cortisol rhythm disorder describes a disruption of the natural daily cycle of the stress hormone cortisol. It can cause fatigue, sleep disturbances, and impaired stress regulation.
Cortisol Stimulation Test
The cortisol stimulation test is a diagnostic procedure used to assess adrenal gland function. It evaluates whether the adrenal glands can produce sufficient cortisol in response to a stimulation signal.
Cortisol too high
High cortisol levels can indicate chronic stress or an underlying medical condition. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options here.
Cortisone Reduction
Cortisone reduction refers to the gradual tapering of cortisone or corticosteroid therapy to minimize side effects and allow the body to restore its natural hormone production.
Costimulation
Costimulation is a key process in the immune system by which T cells require a second signal to become fully activated and mount an effective immune response.
Costimulatory Signal
The costimulatory signal is a second activation signal required by T cells of the immune system to become fully activated and mount an effective immune response.
Costotransverse Joint
The costotransverse joint is a small synovial joint connecting the rib tubercle to the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. It plays a key role in rib movement and breathing mechanics.
Cottage Cheese
Cottage cheese is a fresh cheese with a curd-like texture, made by coagulating pasteurized milk with lactic acid bacteria and rennet.
Countertransference
Countertransference refers to the emotional reactions a therapist develops toward a patient. It is a key concept in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
Courvoisier Sign
The Courvoisier sign describes a painlessly enlarged gallbladder combined with jaundice – a key clinical indicator of malignant obstruction of the bile ducts.
Couvade Syndrome
Couvade syndrome describes physical and emotional pregnancy-like symptoms experienced by expectant fathers. Though not an official diagnosis, it is a widely recognized phenomenon.
Cow´s Milk Protein Intolerance
Cow´s milk protein intolerance is an immune-mediated reaction to proteins found in cow´s milk. It commonly affects infants and can cause digestive, skin, and respiratory symptoms.
Coxa norma
Coxa norma describes the anatomically normal neck-shaft angle of the hip joint. In adults, this angle ranges between 120 and 135 degrees and serves as a reference value in orthopedics.
Coxarthrose
Coxarthrose ist eine degenerative Erkrankung des Hüftgelenks, bei der es zu einem fortschreitenden Abbau des Gelenkknorpels kommt.
Coxarthrosis
Coxarthrosis is a degenerative disease of the hip joint in which the articular cartilage gradually breaks down, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Coxitis Fugax
Coxitis fugax is a transient inflammatory condition of the hip joint that primarily affects children, causing sudden hip pain and difficulty walking.
CPPD arthropathy
CPPD arthropathy is a joint disease in which calcium pyrophosphate crystals deposit in the joint cartilage, causing inflammation, pain, and progressive joint damage.
Cradle Cap
Cradle cap is a common, harmless skin condition in infants, characterized by yellowish, greasy scales and crusts on the scalp.
Cranberries
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) ist eine nordamerikanische Beerenfrucht, die für ihren hohen Gehalt an Antioxidantien und sekundären Pflanzenstoffen bekannt ist.
Cranial Nerve Disorder
A cranial nerve disorder refers to impaired function of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves, which control sensation, movement, and organ function in the head and neck region.
Cranial Rhythm
The cranial rhythm refers to a subtle, rhythmic movement of the skull and sacrum, used in osteopathy and craniosacral therapy as a diagnostic and therapeutic concept.
Craniectomy
A craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull bone is removed to relieve pressure on the brain and treat life-threatening neurological conditions.
Craniomandibular Dysfunction
Craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) refers to disorders of the jaw joints and chewing muscles, causing pain, jaw clicking, and headaches.
Craniomedial
Craniomedial is an anatomical positional term describing a location that is simultaneously toward the head (cranial) and toward the midline of the body (medial). It is commonly used in medical imaging and clinical documentation.
Craniosacral Balance
Craniosacral balance refers to the harmonious rhythm of the craniosacral system between the skull and sacrum. It forms the basis of craniosacral therapy.
Craniosacral Therapy
Craniosacral therapy is a gentle, hands-on treatment that works with subtle rhythms in the skull-sacrum system to relieve pain, tension, and stress-related complaints.
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis is a congenital condition in which one or more skull sutures fuse prematurely, restricting brain growth and causing skull deformities. Early surgical treatment is essential.
Craniotabes
Craniotabes is a pathological softening of the skull bones in infants and young children, most commonly caused by vitamin D deficiency or rickets.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is temporarily removed to allow access to the brain for treatment.
Cream of Tartar
Cream of tartar is a natural byproduct of winemaking, composed mainly of potassium bitartrate. It is widely used in cooking, baking, food production, and has historical applications in medicine.
Creatine Ethyl Ester
Creatine Ethyl Ester is a chemically modified form of creatine designed to improve bioavailability and absorption, commonly used as a sports performance supplement.
Creatine Hydrochloride
Creatine hydrochloride is a highly soluble form of creatine used to support muscle strength, athletic performance, and recovery.
Creatine Kinase
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found mainly in muscle and heart tissue. Elevated CK levels in the blood can indicate muscle damage, a heart attack, or other serious conditions.
Creatine Loading Phase
The creatine loading phase is a supplementation strategy in which high doses of creatine are taken over a short period to rapidly maximize creatine stores in the muscles.
Creatine maintenance dose
The creatine maintenance dose is the daily amount of creatine needed after a loading phase to keep muscle creatine stores saturated long-term.
Creatine Metabolism
Creatine metabolism describes the synthesis, transport, and breakdown of creatine in the human body – a key process for rapid energy supply in muscles and the brain.
Creatine Monohydrate
Creatine monohydrate is one of the most researched sports supplements for enhancing strength, power, and muscle mass. It supports the energy supply of muscle cells during high-intensity exercise.
Creatine phosphate
Creatine phosphate is an energy-rich compound stored in muscle tissue that rapidly supplies the body with energy during short, high-intensity physical activity.
Creatine stores
Creatine stores refer to the amount of creatine and phosphocreatine stored in muscle tissue, serving as a rapid energy source during high-intensity physical activity.
Creatine Supplementation
Creatine supplementation refers to the targeted intake of creatine through dietary supplements to support muscle strength, performance, and recovery.
Creatine synthesis
Creatine synthesis is the body's own process of producing creatine, a key energy carrier for muscles and the brain.
Creatine Transporter
The creatine transporter is a membrane protein that carries creatine into cells. It plays a key role in the energy metabolism of muscle and brain cells.
Creatinine Level
The creatinine level is a key laboratory value used to assess kidney function. It is measured in the blood or urine and helps detect kidney disease at an early stage.
Crepitation
Crepitation refers to a crackling, crunching, or grating sound or sensation that occurs during movement of joints, bones, or soft tissue.
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder in which the liver cannot adequately process bilirubin, leading to severe jaundice and potential brain damage.
Crisis intervention
Crisis intervention is a short-term, targeted form of support for people experiencing acute mental health or social crises. The goal is stabilisation and prevention of escalation.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus.
Cross allergy
A cross allergy occurs when the immune system confuses similarly structured allergens from different sources.
Cross Transplantation
Cross transplantation is a surgical procedure for wound coverage in which a skin graft is harvested transversely relative to the body axis and transferred to a defect site.
Cross-Linking Markers
Cross-linking markers are biochemical laboratory parameters that measure bone resorption. They help physicians detect and monitor bone metabolism disorders at an early stage.
Cross-presentation
Cross-presentation is an immunological process in which antigen-presenting cells display extracellular antigens via MHC class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. It is essential for immune defense against viruses and tumor cells.
Cross-Sectional Cell Analysis
Cross-sectional cell analysis is a diagnostic method for examining tissue samples cut perpendicular to their main axis, enabling microscopic assessment of cell structure and tissue changes.
Croup cough
Croup cough is a distinctive, barking cough in children caused by inflammation of the upper airways. It typically worsens at night.
Croup in Adults
Croup in adults is a rare inflammation of the larynx and upper airways causing hoarseness, a barking cough, and breathing difficulties. Learn about causes and treatment.
Crow’s Feet
Krähenfüße sind feine bis tiefere Falten an den äußeren Augenwinkeln, die vor allem bei Mimik wie Lachen oder Zusammenkneifen der Augen sichtbar werden.
Cruciate Ligament
The cruciate ligament is a key stabilizing structure inside the knee joint. A cruciate ligament tear is one of the most common knee injuries and often requires surgical treatment.
Cruciate ligament reconstruction
Cruciate ligament reconstruction is a surgical procedure to restore a ruptured cruciate ligament in the knee joint. It is commonly performed after sports injuries.
Cruciate ligament rupture
A cruciate ligament rupture is a partial or complete tear of the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament in the knee. It commonly results from sudden twisting movements or direct impact during sports.
Crying baby
A crying baby cries excessively and is difficult to soothe. Learn about causes, symptoms, and helpful tips for affected parents.
Cryolipolysis
Cryolipolysis is a non-invasive procedure for targeted fat reduction, in which fat cells are broken down through controlled cooling.
Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation is the process of freezing biological materials such as cells, tissues, or embryos at extremely low temperatures for long-term storage.
Cryotherapeutic
Cryotherapeutic refers to anything related to the use of cold for healing purposes. Cold therapy is used in medicine for pain relief, reducing inflammation, and treating tissue conditions.
Cryotherapy Chamber
A cryotherapy chamber exposes the body to extreme cold for a short time. It is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and support muscle recovery.
Cryptochlorogenic acid
Cryptochlorogenic acid is a naturally occurring plant compound from the chlorogenic acid family, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Cryptogenic
Cryptogenic is a medical term describing a disease or condition whose cause remains unknown despite thorough diagnostic evaluation. It derives from Greek, meaning of hidden origin.
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It is one of the most common congenital anomalies in male newborns.
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium, leading primarily to watery diarrhea. It is transmitted through contaminated water or food.
Crystal arthropathy
Crystal arthropathy refers to joint diseases caused by the deposition of crystals in joint tissues. Common examples include gout and pseudogout.
CTLA-4 Blockade
CTLA-4 blockade is a form of immune checkpoint therapy that enhances the immune system to fight cancer cells. It is primarily used in oncology.
Cucumber flour
Cucumber flour is a dried powder made from ground cucumbers, valued as a nutrient-rich food ingredient and in cosmetic applications.
Cupping Therapy
Schröpfen ist ein traditionelles Naturheilverfahren, das zur Durchblutungsförderung, Entgiftung und Schmerzlinderung eingesetzt wird.
Curcugreen (BCM-95)
Curcugreen®, auch bekannt unter dem Namen BCM-95®, ist ein patentierter Curcumin-Komplex, der aus dem Wurzelextrakt der Kurkuma-Pflanze gewonnen wird.
Curcumin Bioavailability
Curcumin bioavailability describes how efficiently the body absorbs and uses curcumin from turmeric. Because pure curcumin is poorly absorbed, special formulations are key to unlocking its benefits.
Curcuminoid complex
An extract from the turmeric root, rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. It supports joint health and the immune system.
Curcuminoids
Curcuminoids are natural plant-derived compounds found in the root of turmeric (Curcuma longa).
Curry leaf extract
Curry leaf extract contains natural iron. As it is plant-bound, it is well tolerated and has fewer pro-oxidative effects.
Cushing Syndrome
Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol in the blood. It can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness.
Cut Wounds
Cut wounds are caused by sharp objects and are among the most common everyday injuries. Learn about causes, symptoms, and the right treatment for cut wounds.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant skin tumor arising from the keratinocytes of the outer skin layer. It is one of the most common forms of skin cancer and can spread to deeper tissues or lymph nodes if left untreated.
Cuticle Removal
Cuticle removal is a cosmetic nail care step in which excess cuticle skin at the base of the finger or toenail is pushed back or removed. It enhances nail appearance and supports proper nail hygiene.
CyberKnife
The CyberKnife is a high-precision robotic radiation system used for the non-invasive treatment of tumors and other conditions by delivering focused beams of radiation.
Cycle Syncing
Cycle syncing is the practice of aligning nutrition, exercise, and daily routines with the four phases of the menstrual cycle to support hormonal balance and overall well-being.
Cyclic Hormone Therapy
Cyclic hormone therapy is a form of hormone replacement therapy in which estrogen and progestogen are taken in a timed pattern to mimic the natural menstrual cycle and relieve menopausal symptoms.
Cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrins are ring-shaped sugar molecules widely used in pharmacy, food technology, and cosmetics to stabilize active ingredients and improve their solubility.
Cyclooxygenase
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme that plays a central role in the production of prostaglandins and inflammatory mediators in the human body.
Cyclops lesion
A cyclops lesion is a rare complication after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, in which fibrous tissue in the knee joint causes a loss of full extension.
Cystatin C
Cystatin C is a protein produced by the body and used as a highly accurate marker for kidney function. It is considered more reliable than the traditional creatinine test.
Cystic Echinococcosis
Cystic echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, leading to the formation of fluid-filled cysts, primarily in the liver and lungs.
Cysticercosis
Cysticercosis is an infection with the larvae of the pork tapeworm, which can affect organs such as the brain, muscles or skin. Find out more about symptoms, treatment and protective measures here.
Cystitis Prophylaxis
Cystitis prophylaxis includes measures to prevent bladder infections. It is especially relevant for women who suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections.
Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the bladder and urethra. It allows direct visual assessment of the bladder lining and is used to diagnose and treat a range of urological conditions.
Cytidine 5´-monophosphoric acid
Cytidine 5'-monophosphoric acid (CMP) is a naturally occurring nucleotide that plays a key role in cell membrane biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the human body.
Cytochrome
Cytochromes are iron-containing proteins that play a central role in cellular energy metabolism. They are essential for cellular respiration and electron transport in the mitochondria.
Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c is a small mitochondrial protein that plays a central role in cellular energy production and in the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Cytokine Balance Analysis
Cytokine balance analysis is a laboratory method that measures immune signaling proteins to assess inflammation and immune function. It supports diagnosis of various immune-related conditions.
Cytokine Induction
Cytokine induction refers to the targeted stimulation of the body´s own cytokine production to enhance the immune response. It plays a central role in inflammatory processes and the defense against infections.
Cytokine Profile
A cytokine profile describes the totality of measurable cytokines in blood or tissue and provides key insights into the state of the immune system.
Cytokine Regulation
Cytokine regulation controls the balance of immune signaling proteins in the body. It is essential for managing inflammation and a healthy immune response.
Cytokine regulation therapy
Cytokine regulation therapy is a medical approach that targets cytokines – immune system messengers – to treat inflammatory and autoimmune conditions by balancing immune responses.
Cytokine Release
Cytokine release refers to the secretion of cytokines by immune cells. It regulates inflammatory responses but can become dangerous when dysregulated, leading to a cytokine storm.
Cytokine Release Markers
Cytokine release markers are laboratory values that indicate an excessive immune response in the body. They help physicians detect and monitor inflammatory processes at an early stage.
Cytokine release syndrome
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a severe immune reaction in which the body releases excessive amounts of cytokines. It can be triggered by infections, immunotherapies, or certain medications.
Cytokine Stimulation
Cytokine stimulation refers to the activation of immune cells by cytokines – signaling proteins that regulate and coordinate immune responses in the body.
Cytokine Storm
A cytokine storm is a life-threatening overreaction of the immune system in which large amounts of signaling proteins are released, potentially causing severe organ damage.
Cytokine storm prevention
Cytokine storm prevention refers to measures aimed at stopping an uncontrolled immune overreaction. Early detection and targeted treatment can prevent life-threatening outcomes.
Cytokine therapy
Cytokine therapy uses naturally occurring signaling proteins to treat cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases by modulating the immune system in a targeted way.
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread herpesvirus that is usually harmless in healthy individuals but can cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients and unborn children.
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common viral disease caused by the cytomegalovirus. It is usually harmless in healthy individuals but can pose serious risks to pregnant women, unborn children, and immunocompromised patients.
Cytoplasm Regeneration
Cytoplasm regeneration refers to the renewal and restoration of a cell´s cytoplasm. This process is essential for maintaining normal cell function and overall cellular health.
Cytoplasm Regulation Markers
Cytoplasm regulation markers are biochemical indicators that reflect regulatory processes inside the cytoplasm of a cell. They are used in diagnostics and research to detect cellular dysfunction.
Cytoplasmic
Cytoplasmic refers to anything related to the cytoplasm of a cell – the fluid-filled interior between the cell membrane and the nucleus where vital biological processes occur.
Cytoplasmic Dynamics
Cytoplasmic dynamics refers to the continuous movement and reorganization processes within the cytoplasm of living cells, enabling essential functions such as intracellular transport, cell division, and signal transduction.
Cytoplasmic Expression
Cytoplasmic expression refers to the production and localization of proteins within the cytoplasm of a cell. It plays a key role in cell function, diagnostics, and biomedical research.
Cytoplasmic Protein
Cytoplasmic proteins are proteins found in the cytoplasm of cells, where they perform essential functions such as metabolism, signal transduction, and structural support.
Cytoplasmic Regulation
Cytoplasmic regulation refers to the entirety of mechanisms by which a cell controls and maintains the composition and activity of its cytoplasm.
Cytoplasmic Stress
Cytoplasmic stress refers to a cellular stress response in which the cytoplasm is disrupted by toxins, protein misfolding, or oxidative damage, impairing normal cell function.
Cytoplasmic Vitality
Cytoplasmic vitality describes the functional state of a cell´s cytoplasm and serves as a measure of the viability and metabolic activity of living cells.
Cytoprotection
Cytoprotection refers to the ability of the body or specific substances to protect cells and tissues from damage. It plays a key role in gastroenterology, oncology, and pharmacology.
Cytoprotection stimulation
Cytoprotection stimulation refers to the targeted activation of the body's own cellular defense mechanisms to protect tissues from damage.
Cytoprotective Mechanism
The cytoprotective mechanism describes biological processes that shield cells from damage caused by stress, toxins, or disease. It plays a key role in medicine and pharmacology.
Cytostatic Agent
A cytostatic agent is a substance that inhibits the growth of cancer cells or destroys them. Cytostatics are primarily used in chemotherapy to treat malignant tumors.
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity refers to the ability of certain substances or cells to damage or destroy other cells. It plays a key role in oncology, immunology, and pharmaceutical research.
Die neusten Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryPhthalates
Phthalates are synthetic chemical compounds widely used as plasticizers in plastics. They are considered endocrine disruptors and may pose risks to human health, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Zearalenone
Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds on grain crops. It can disrupt the hormonal system in humans and animals.
Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by mold fungi that can contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals worldwide.
Die meistgelesenen Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryMagnesiumcarbonat
Magnesiumcarbonat ist eine anorganische Magnesiumverbindung mit säure-neutralisierender (antazidischer) Wirkung. Erfahre mehr über Vorteile, Einsatzgebiete und Unterschiede zu besser resorbierbaren Magnesiumformen.
Calorie content
The choice of food influences our energy intake. The calorie content varies greatly - some provide little energy, others a lot.
Cologne list
The Cologne List ® is an important initiative in competitive sports that offers athletes guidance in the selection of nutritional supplements.