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Glossar: P
Do you have questions about specific symptoms or ingredients? Our glossary provides an A-to-Z guide to your health.
P
657 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryP-Selectin
P-Selectin is a cell adhesion molecule that plays a key role in inflammation and blood clotting. It mediates the attachment of leukocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.
Paediatrics
Paediatrics is the branch of medicine dedicated to the health, development, and diseases of children and adolescents from birth through late adolescence.
Pain Behind the Knee
Pain behind the knee can have many causes, from muscle strains to vascular or joint conditions. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Pain Management
Pain management encompasses all medical approaches to relieving acute and chronic pain. The primary goal is to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from pain.
Pain Management Therapy
Pain management therapy encompasses all medical approaches to relieving acute and chronic pain. It combines medications, physical treatments, and psychological methods.
Pain Mediators
Pain mediators are biochemical messenger substances that trigger, amplify, or transmit pain signals. They play a key role in both acute and chronic pain conditions.
Pain Receptor
Pain receptors, known as nociceptors, are specialized nerve endings that detect harmful stimuli and transmit pain signals to the brain to protect the body.
Pain when swallowing
Pain when swallowing (odynophagia) can have many causes, from sore throats to more serious conditions. Learn about symptoms, causes, and treatment.
Palatal Plate
A palatal plate is a custom-fitted plastic appliance used in newborns with a cleft palate to facilitate feeding and support healthy jaw development.
Palindromic Rheumatism
Palindromic rheumatism is a rare joint condition characterised by sudden, recurring episodes of joint inflammation that resolve completely between attacks.
Palliation
Palliation refers to relieving treatment for serious or incurable conditions. The goal is to improve quality of life through pain management and holistic patient support.
Palliative medicine
Palliative medicine is a medical specialty focused on improving the quality of life of seriously ill patients and their families through relief of symptoms and suffering.
Palm Kernel Fat
Palm kernel fat is a plant-based fat extracted from the seed of the oil palm. It is high in saturated fatty acids and widely used in the food and cosmetics industries.
Palm oil in baby food
Palm oil is used in many infant formulas as a fat source to mimic the fatty acid composition of breast milk. Its use is scientifically debated.
Palmitic Acid
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid found naturally in many foods. It plays an important role in human metabolism and cell structure.
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide produced by the human body, known for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. It is widely used as a dietary supplement and in pain management.
Palpable Bony Landmarks
Palpable bony landmarks are specific skeletal sites located just beneath the skin that can be felt by touch and serve as anatomical reference points in clinical practice.
Pancolitis
Pancolitis is a severe form of ulcerative colitis that affects the entire large intestine.
Pancreas pain
Pancreatic pain can indicate serious conditions such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options for pancreas pain.
Pancreatic Biopsy
A pancreatic biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a small tissue sample is taken from the pancreas to test for cancer, inflammation, or other conditions.
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the pancreas. It is one of the most aggressive cancers and is often not diagnosed until an advanced stage due to its lack of early symptoms.
Pancreatic Cyst
A pancreatic cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in or on the pancreas. It can be benign or may require medical treatment depending on its type and size.
Pancreatic Duct Pressure Measurement
Pancreatic duct pressure measurement is a diagnostic procedure used to assess pressure within the pancreatic duct. It helps evaluate diseases of the pancreas and related structures.
Pancreatic Enzyme
Pancreatic enzymes are digestive proteins produced by the pancreas that break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the small intestine, enabling the body to absorb essential nutrients.
Pancreatic enzyme analysis
Pancreatic enzyme analysis is a diagnostic procedure used to measure digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas in blood or stool samples.
Pancreatic enzyme kinetics
Pancreatic enzyme kinetics describes how digestive enzymes of the pancreas are released, activated, and broken down. It is essential for the digestion of nutrients.
Pancreatic enzyme markers
Pancreatic enzyme markers are laboratory values that measure enzymes of the pancreas in blood or urine, used to diagnose and monitor pancreatic diseases.
Pancreatic enzyme optimization
Pancreatic enzyme optimization refers to the targeted adjustment of enzyme replacement therapy in patients with pancreatic insufficiency to ensure optimal digestion and nutrient absorption.
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) supplies digestive enzymes when the pancreas can no longer produce enough. It improves nutrient absorption and relieves symptoms such as fatty stools and weight loss.
Pancreatic Enzyme Therapy
Pancreatic enzyme therapy replaces missing digestive enzymes in patients with pancreatic disorders. It improves nutrient absorption and relieves digestive symptoms.
Pancreatic Function
Pancreatic function includes the production of digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin. It is essential for metabolism and proper digestion.
Pancreatic Function Test
A pancreatic function test evaluates how well the pancreas works. It helps diagnose conditions such as chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic insufficiency at an early stage.
Pancreatic Hormone
Pancreatic hormones are messenger substances produced by the pancreas that regulate blood sugar levels. The most important ones are insulin and glucagon.
Pancreatic Hormone Analysis
Pancreatic hormone analysis is a laboratory test that measures hormones produced by the pancreas, such as insulin, glucagon, and C-peptide. It is used to diagnose metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus.
Pancreatic Hormone Balance
Pancreatic hormone balance refers to the equilibrium between insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreas, which is essential for maintaining stable blood sugar levels.
Pancreatic hormone regulation
Pancreatic hormone regulation describes how the pancreas controls the release of hormones such as insulin and glucagon to maintain stable blood sugar levels.
Pancreatic Hormone Replacement
Pancreatic hormone replacement refers to the medical administration of hormones that the pancreas can no longer produce sufficiently – primarily insulin and glucagon.
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Pancreatic insufficiency is a condition in which the pancreas can no longer produce sufficient digestive enzymes or hormones. It can significantly impair nutrient absorption and overall health.
Pancreatic Juice
Pancreatic juice is a digestive fluid produced by the pancreas that contains essential enzymes and bicarbonate, playing a vital role in the breakdown of food in the small intestine.
Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreatic lipase is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down dietary fats in the small intestine. It is essential for fat digestion and nutrient absorption.
Pancreatic Parenchyma
The pancreatic parenchyma refers to the functional tissue of the pancreas, responsible for digestion and blood sugar regulation.
Pancreatic Protease
Pancreatic proteases are digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas that break down dietary proteins into amino acids in the small intestine, enabling nutrient absorption.
Pancreatic regulation
Pancreatic regulation describes how the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas are controlled by hormones, the nervous system, and local signaling molecules.
Pancreatic Secretion
Pancreatic secretion refers to the release of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate by the pancreas into the small intestine, playing a vital role in the digestion of nutrients.
Pancreatic Secretion Analysis
Pancreatic secretion analysis is a diagnostic procedure that evaluates exocrine pancreatic function by examining the composition of pancreatic juice collected from the duodenum.
Pancreatic Secretory Atrophy
Pancreatic secretory atrophy refers to the decline of the secretory function of the pancreas. It can cause digestive disorders and nutrient deficiencies.
Pancreatic Tail
The pancreatic tail is the narrow, left-sided end of the pancreas. It lies close to the spleen and contains hormone-producing cells essential for blood sugar regulation.
Pancreatic Tissue Analysis
Pancreatic tissue analysis is a diagnostic examination of pancreatic tissue samples used to detect diseases such as cancer or inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreatic Tissue Biopsy
A pancreatic tissue biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the pancreas. It is used to evaluate tumors, inflammation, or other abnormalities of the organ.
Pancreatic tissue optimization
Pancreatic tissue optimization refers to measures that support, preserve, or restore the health and function of pancreatic tissue through nutrition, lifestyle, and medical therapies.
Pancreatic Tissue Production
Pancreatic tissue production refers to the formation and regeneration of tissue in the pancreas. It involves both exocrine and endocrine cell types and is clinically relevant in conditions such as diabetes and pancreatitis.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can occur suddenly (acute) or develop over time (chronic), causing severe abdominal pain and digestive problems.
Pancreolauryl Test
The pancreolauryl test is a non-invasive urine-based diagnostic test used to assess the exocrine function of the pancreas. It helps detect pancreatic insufficiency at an early stage.
Panendoscopy
Panendoscopy is a comprehensive endoscopic examination that allows physicians to inspect the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in a single procedure.
panic attack symptoms
Panic attacks cause sudden, intense fear with physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Symptoms typically peak within minutes and can feel overwhelming.
Panikattacke
Eine Panikattacke ist eine plötzlich auftretende Episode intensiver Angst, die innerhalb weniger Minuten ihren Höhepunkt erreicht und mit starken körperlichen Symptomen einhergeht – ohne reale äußere Bedrohung.
Pannus formation
Pannus formation refers to the growth of inflammatory granulation tissue in joints that can destroy cartilage and bone over time.
Pansinusitis
Pansinusitis is a simultaneous inflammation of all paranasal sinuses. It causes facial pain, pressure, and nasal congestion, and requires medical treatment.
Pantoprazole
Pantoprazole is a medication used to treat excess stomach acid, heartburn, and gastric ulcers. It works by effectively blocking acid production in the stomach.
pantoprazole side effects
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to reduce stomach acid. Like all medications, it can cause side effects ranging from mild and common to rare but serious.
Papanicolaou Test
The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is a gynecological screening procedure used to detect cervical cell changes and early signs of cervical cancer.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It grows slowly and carries an excellent prognosis when diagnosed and treated early.
Papilloedema
Papilloedema is a swelling of the optic nerve head caused by raised intracranial pressure. It is a serious medical emergency requiring prompt evaluation.
Pappenheim Stain
The Pappenheim stain is a combined histological staining method used to visualize blood cells under the microscope. It allows the differentiation of various cell types in a blood smear.
Papulopustular
Papulopustular describes a skin pattern featuring both papules (raised, solid bumps) and pustules (pus-filled blisters) occurring simultaneously. This pattern is characteristic of several inflammatory skin conditions.
Paracelsus
Paracelsus war ein Arzt, Alchemist und Vordenker der ganzheitlichen Medizin. Er gilt als Begründer der Iatrochemie und prägte die heutige Naturheilkunde mit seinem Leitsatz zur Dosis-Wirkung.
Paracetamol
Paracetamol ist ein weit verbreitetes Schmerz- und Fiebermittel, das bei leichten bis mittleren Schmerzen sowie erhöhter Körpertemperatur eingesetzt wird.
Paradoxical Breathing
Paradoxical breathing is an abnormal breathing pattern in which parts of the chest wall move opposite to the normal direction during breathing. It is a serious medical emergency sign.
Parallel Trial
A parallel trial is a scientific study design in which two or more groups receive different treatments simultaneously, allowing direct comparison of their effectiveness and safety.
Paranasal Sinuses
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities located within the skull bones, connected to the nasal cavity. They play important roles in breathing, voice resonance, and immune defense.
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndrome refers to symptoms triggered by a malignant tumor without the tumor directly invading the affected tissue.
Paranoid person
A paranoid person is someone who experiences paranoia or a paranoid disorder, marked by persistent, irrational mistrust and unfounded fears about others.
Paraoxonase 1
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a blood enzyme bound to HDL cholesterol that protects against oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, and the toxic effects of organophosphate compounds.
Paraphimosis
Paraphimosis is a urological emergency in which the retracted foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis, causing swelling and cutting off blood flow.
Parasite Cleanse
The parasite cleanse is a viral TikTok trend labeled under #parasitecleanse, with over 450 million views.
Parasympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system is a key division of the autonomic nervous system. It governs rest, digestion, and recovery, acting as the counterpart to the sympathetic nervous system.
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a vital hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body, playing a key role for bones, kidneys, and the intestine.
Paravertebral Groove
The paravertebral groove is a visible or palpable furrow running along the spine, formed by the back extensor muscles. It is considered an anatomical feature of a well-developed back.
Parent counselling
Parent counselling supports families with questions about child development, upbringing, and health. Professionals provide guidance and practical advice at every stage of a child's life.
Parental Leave
Parental leave in Germany is a legally protected period of time off work following the birth or adoption of a child. Parents are entitled to up to three years of parental leave per child.
Parietal Osteopathy
Parietal osteopathy is a branch of osteopathy focused on joints, muscles, fascia, and the musculoskeletal system. Its goal is to restore mobility and relieve pain through manual techniques.
Parietichytrium sp.
Parietichytrium sp. is a marine microorganism from the thraustochytrid group, recognized for its exceptional capacity to produce valuable omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the coordination of movement.
Parotid Gland Inflammation
Parotid gland inflammation (parotitis) is an inflammation of the largest salivary gland. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, blocked ducts, or autoimmune conditions.
Partial denture
A partial denture replaces missing teeth when natural teeth are still present. It is anchored in the mouth and improves chewing, speech, and appearance.
Partial endoprosthesis
A partial endoprosthesis is an artificial joint implant that replaces only one part of a damaged joint. It is commonly used for hip or knee joint degeneration.
Partial meniscectomy
A partial meniscectomy is a surgical procedure in which a damaged portion of the meniscus in the knee joint is removed arthroscopically.
Partial Remission
Partial remission refers to a significant but incomplete reduction of disease symptoms. It is commonly observed in cancer, mental health conditions, and autoimmune diseases.
PAS Reaction
The PAS reaction is a histochemical staining method used in pathology to visualize polysaccharides and glycoproteins in tissue sections under the microscope.
Passion Fruit
Passion fruit is a tropical fruit with an intensely aromatic flavour, rich in vitamins, antioxidants and dietary fibre, offering a wide range of potential health benefits.
Passionflower
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to relieve anxiety, nervous restlessness, and sleep disturbances. Its calming effects are supported by scientific evidence.
Passive Leg Raise
The Passive Leg Raise is a clinical test used in critical care to assess fluid responsiveness. By raising the legs, venous blood is shifted toward the heart to evaluate cardiac output response.
Passive Leg Raise Test
The Passive Leg Raise Test is a diagnostic procedure used in critical care to assess fluid responsiveness quickly and safely, without administering any intravenous fluids.
Patella alta
Patella alta describes a condition where the kneecap sits higher than normal within the knee joint, which can lead to pain, instability, and cartilage damage.
Patella Apex
The patella apex is the lower pole of the kneecap, where the patellar tendon attaches. Pain at this site is the hallmark of patellar tendinopathy, also known as Jumper's Knee.
Patella Apprehension Test
The Patella Apprehension Test is a clinical examination used to diagnose patellar instability or a history of patellar dislocation at the knee joint.
Patella baja
Patella baja describes an abnormally low-lying kneecap. It can cause knee pain, restricted movement, and joint dysfunction.
Patellar dislocation
Patellar dislocation occurs when the kneecap slips out of its normal groove. It is common in sports and causes sudden, severe knee pain and instability.
Patellar stabilization
Patellar stabilization refers to medical measures that restore the stable tracking of the kneecap. It can be achieved through conservative or surgical treatment.
Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee)
Patellar tendinitis, known as Jumper's Knee, is a painful overuse injury of the patellar tendon. Learn about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Patellar tendon rupture
A patellar tendon rupture is a complete or partial tear of the tendon below the kneecap. It often results from sudden force and usually requires surgical repair.
Patellar tip syndrome
Patellar tip syndrome is an overuse injury of the patellar tendon causing pain at the lower tip of the kneecap, most common in athletes.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Patellofemoral pain syndrome causes pain around the kneecap, often due to overuse or malalignment. It is common in athletes and adolescents and is usually treated with physiotherapy.
Patellofemoral Syndrome
Patellofemoral syndrome is a common knee condition causing pain behind or around the kneecap. It frequently affects athletes, adolescents, and physically active individuals.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect in which a fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery fails to close after birth.
Pathogen genetics
Pathogen genetics studies the genetic makeup of disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi to improve diagnosis, treatment, and infection control.
Pathogen Inhibition
Pathogen inhibition refers to the suppression or prevention of growth and activity of disease-causing microorganisms in the human body or the environment.
Pathogen patterns
Pathogen patterns are characteristic molecular structures found on pathogens that the immune system recognizes to initiate a targeted defense response.
Pathognomonic
Pathognomonic describes a symptom or sign that is uniquely and exclusively indicative of a specific disease, allowing for a definitive diagnosis based on that finding alone.
Pathological fracture
A pathological fracture is a bone break caused by an underlying bone disease, often occurring without significant external force or trauma.
Pattern recognition receptor
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are proteins of the innate immune system that detect pathogen-associated structures and trigger a rapid immune response.
Pauwels Classification
The Pauwels classification divides femoral neck fractures into three types based on the inclination angle of the fracture line, helping doctors plan the most appropriate treatment.
Pavor nocturnus
Pavor nocturnus, or sleep terror, is a sleep disorder in which a person suddenly wakes in apparent panic, screaming and showing signs of intense fear, without fully regaining consciousness.
PCR-Testverfahren
Das PCR-Testverfahren ist eine molekularbiologische Methode, mit der bestimmte Abschnitte des Erbguts sehr gezielt vervielfältigt und nachgewiesen werden können.
PCSK9 Inhibitors
PCSK9 inhibitors are modern medicines used to lower LDL cholesterol levels. They are prescribed when statins are insufficient or not tolerated.
PD-1 receptor
The PD-1 receptor is an immune checkpoint protein on T cells that regulates immune responses. Cancer cells exploit it to evade the immune system, making it a key target in modern immunotherapy.
PD-L1 Blockade
PD-L1 blockade is an immune checkpoint therapy used in oncology to reactivate the immune system against cancer cells. It is applied in various tumor types.
PD-L1 Expression
PD-L1 expression refers to the presence of the PD-L1 protein on tumor and immune cells. It is a key biomarker used to guide immunotherapy decisions in cancer treatment.
Pea protein
Pea protein is a vegetable protein powder obtained from yellow shelling peas (Pisum sativum).
Pea Protein Isolate
Pea protein isolate is a high-quality plant-based protein derived from yellow peas, containing over 80% protein. It is widely used in sports nutrition and vegan diets.
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric dentistry focuses on the oral health of infants, children, and adolescents. It covers prevention, treatment, and education about baby teeth and permanent teeth.
Pediatric physiology
Pediatric physiology describes the normal bodily functions in children, which differ significantly from adults and change continuously as the child grows and matures.
Pediococcus
Pediococcus are lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential. Find out more about their effect on intestinal flora, immune defence and their use in food.
PEG-25-PABA
PEG-25-PABA is a synthetic UV filter used in sunscreen and cosmetic products. It absorbs UV-B radiation, helping to protect the skin from sun-related damage.
Pelvic Axis
The pelvic axis is an anatomical line describing the curved path of the birth canal. It is a key concept in obstetrics and midwifery practice.
Pelvic Belt
Ein Beckengurt ist ein orthopädisches Hilfsmittel, das zur Stabilisierung des Beckenrings und der Sakroiliakalgelenke (ISG) eingesetzt wird.
Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Pelvic congestion syndrome is a condition in which the veins of the pelvis become enlarged and dysfunctional, causing chronic pelvic pain. It primarily affects women of reproductive age.
Pelvic floor
The pelvic floor is a complex group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissue forming the base of the pelvis.
Pelvic floor biofeedback
Pelvic floor biofeedback is a therapy method that makes muscle signals of the pelvic floor visible in real time, helping patients perform targeted exercises to treat incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction.
Pelvic Floor Health
Pelvic floor health refers to the strength and function of the muscle group at the base of the pelvis. A healthy pelvic floor is essential for bladder control, stability, and overall quality of life.
Pelvic Floor Insufficiency
Pelvic floor insufficiency refers to a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue. It can lead to urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
Pelvic Floor Prosthesis
A pelvic floor prosthesis is a surgically implanted device used to support or replace weakened pelvic floor tissue, commonly used to treat pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence.
Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation
Pelvic floor rehabilitation is a targeted therapy to strengthen and restore the pelvic floor muscles, for example after childbirth or surgery.
Pelvic floor stimulation
Pelvic floor stimulation is a therapeutic method that uses electrical impulses to strengthen pelvic floor muscles. It is commonly used to treat urinary incontinence and pelvic floor weakness.
Pelvic Floor Training
Pelvic floor training involves specific exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which are vital for continence, posture, and the support of internal organs.
Pelvic Fracture
A pelvic fracture is a break in one or more bones of the pelvis, often caused by accidents or falls. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic pain refers to discomfort in the lower abdominal area and can have many causes. It affects both women and men and may be acute or chronic.
Pelvic ring fracture
A pelvic ring fracture is a break in the bony ring of the pelvis. It is often caused by severe trauma and requires prompt medical attention.
Pelvic Vein Thrombosis
Pelvic vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in the veins of the pelvis. It can cause severe pain and requires prompt medical treatment to prevent serious complications.
Pelvic Venous Pressure
Pelvic venous pressure refers to elevated pressure in the veins of the pelvis, which can cause pain, heaviness, and circulatory disturbances in the pelvic region.
Pelvimetry
Pelvimetry is the measurement of the dimensions of the bony pelvis. It is especially important in obstetrics to assess whether the birth canal is wide enough for a vaginal delivery.
Pembrolizumab
Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor used to treat various types of cancer. It works by reactivating the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells.
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare, severe autoimmune disease of the skin and mucous membranes that causes painful blisters. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a good outcome.
Penicillin
Penicillin ist ein natürliches Antibiotikum, das bakterielle Infektionen bekämpft. Es gehört zur ältesten und bekanntesten Klasse der Antibiotika.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway is a key metabolic route in human cells that processes glucose to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate, supporting antioxidant defense and DNA synthesis.
Pentraxin 3
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory biomarker of the innate immune system. Levels rise during infections, tissue injury, and cardiovascular disease.
Peppermint
Peppermint has antispasmodic, cooling and anti-inflammatory properties. Learn how it helps with digestive discomfort, headaches and skin irritation.
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint oil is an essential oil derived from the peppermint plant with diverse applications in medicine, aromatherapy, and natural health.
Peptide bond
A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond that links two amino acids together, forming the fundamental building block of peptides and proteins.
Peptide fractions
Peptide fractions are defined groups of short-chain protein building blocks formed by the breakdown of proteins, with important biological and nutritional functions.
Peptide Hormone
Peptide hormones are chemical messengers made of amino acid chains that regulate vital body functions. They act via surface receptors on target cells and control processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Peptidergic
Peptidergic refers to nerve cells or signaling pathways that use neuropeptides as chemical messengers. These peptides regulate key body functions such as pain, hunger, and mood.
Percentile
A percentile is a statistical measure widely used in medicine to rank individual values such as height or weight relative to a reference population.
Percentile curve
A percentile curve is a medical diagram used in pediatrics to illustrate and compare the physical development of children with peers of the same age.
Perception
Perception is the brain's ability to receive, process, and interpret sensory information from the environment and the body. It forms the basis of consciousness, cognition, and behavior.
Percussion Hammer
A percussion hammer is a medical examination instrument used to test reflexes and assess body tissues by tapping specific areas of the body.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a minimally invasive procedure to place a feeding tube through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach for long-term nutritional support.
Perenterol
Perenterol is a medicinal product containing the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, used to treat and prevent diarrhea and support gut flora balance.
Perfluorohexyloctane
Perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) is a synthetic active ingredient used to treat dry eye disease. It stabilises the tear film and relieves ocular discomfort.
Pericardial Disease
Pericardial disease refers to conditions affecting the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart. It includes inflammation, fluid accumulation, and scarring.
Pericardial Fluid
Pericardial fluid is the natural fluid surrounding the heart inside the pericardial sac. An excess can indicate underlying medical conditions.
Pericardial Regeneration
Pericardial regeneration refers to the healing and restoration of the pericardium after injury or disease. Learn about causes, treatment options, and healing processes.
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is a medical procedure to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. It is used to treat life-threatening cardiac tamponade.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart. It typically causes sharp chest pain and is most often treatable with anti-inflammatory medications.
Pericardium
The pericardium is the protective sac surrounding the heart. It stabilizes the position of the heart within the chest and shields it from infection and mechanical injury.
Pericardiотomy
A pericardiotomy is a surgical procedure in which the pericardium – the fibrous sac surrounding the heart – is incised. It is used to drain fluid or as part of open-heart surgery.
Pericranium
The pericranium is the outer periosteum covering the external surface of the skull bones. It nourishes bone tissue and plays a key role in bone healing and reconstructive surgical procedures.
Periimplantitis
Periimplantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tissue and bone surrounding a dental implant, which can lead to progressive bone loss.
Perilunate
Perilunate refers to injuries occurring around the lunate bone in the wrist. These serious injuries are usually caused by high-energy trauma and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Perimenopause
Die Perimenopause bezeichnet die Übergangsphase vor der Menopause, die mit hormonellen Veränderungen einhergeht und die Fruchtbarkeit der Frau langsam verringert.
Periodic Acid
Periodic acid is a strong inorganic oxidizing acid used in medicine and biochemistry, most notably in histology for tissue staining procedures such as the PAS reaction.
Periodic table
The periodic table organizes all known chemical elements by atomic number and electron configuration. It is a fundamental tool in chemistry, medicine, and pharmacy.
Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease, correctly referred to as periodontitis, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium.
Periodontal pocket
A periodontal pocket is an abnormal gap between the tooth and gum tissue, typically caused by gum disease such as periodontitis.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a serious bacterial infection of the tissues supporting the teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss and systemic health complications.
Periodontology
Periodontology is the dental specialty focused on preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases of the tooth-supporting structures, including the gums and jawbone.
Periorale Dermatitis
Periorale Dermatitis, auch bekannt als Mundrose, ist eine entzündliche Hauterkrankung im Bereich um den Mund, die Nase oder die Augen.
Periosteal Reaction
A periosteal reaction is a radiologically visible change of the periosteum (bone membrane), indicating disease, injury, or tumors affecting the bone.
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAVK)
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) is a chronic circulatory disorder of the extremities caused by narrowing or occlusion of arteries.
Periphericus
Periphericus refers to a peripheral nerve – part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It transmits signals between the central nervous system and the body.
Periprostatic
Periprostatic refers to the area immediately surrounding the prostate gland. This term is especially relevant in urology and oncology, for example when assessing tumor spread.
Peritoneal carcinoma
Peritoneal carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the peritoneum, the tissue lining the abdominal cavity. It may arise primarily or spread from other cancers and requires specialized treatment.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis
Peritoneal carcinomatosis refers to the spread of cancer cells to the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity. It commonly arises from colorectal, gastric, or ovarian cancer.
Peritoneal Cavity
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-filled space in the abdomen lined by the peritoneum, which surrounds and protects the internal abdominal organs.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis is a kidney replacement therapy that uses the lining of the abdomen as a natural filter to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood.
Peritoneal Puncture
Peritoneal puncture is a medical procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity. It is used for the diagnosis and treatment of ascites.
Peritonitis
Peritonitis is a serious inflammation of the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.
Peritonsillar Abscess
A peritonsillar abscess is a collection of pus in the tissue next to the tonsil. It usually develops as a complication of tonsillitis and requires immediate medical attention.
Peroneal tendon dislocation
Peroneal tendon dislocation occurs when the peroneal tendons slip out of their normal groove behind the lateral malleolus, often due to a sudden ankle injury during sports.
Peroxidation Protection
Peroxidation protection refers to the defense of cells and tissues against harmful lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals – a key mechanism of the antioxidant defense system.
Peroxisomal
Peroxisomal refers to anything related to peroxisomes – small cell organelles involved in fatty acid breakdown and protection against oxidative stress.
Peroxisome
Peroxisomes are tiny cell organelles found in nearly all human cells, performing essential metabolic functions including the breakdown of fatty acids and harmful substances.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates fat metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory processes in the body.
Persistent Hyaloid Artery
Persistent hyaloid artery is a congenital eye anomaly in which a fetal blood vessel in the eye fails to fully regress after birth. It may affect visual development in children.
Pertussis vaccination
The pertussis vaccination protects against whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is recommended for infants, children, and adults.
Pes anserinus
The pes anserinus is an anatomical structure at the inner knee where three tendons converge on the tibia. Inflammation in this area causes characteristic medial knee pain.
Pesticide Multi-Method
The pesticide multi-method is a modern analytical technique that enables the simultaneous detection of more than 600 active substances in food and feed.
Peyer Patch
Peyer patches are specialized lymphoid tissue structures in the small intestine that play a central role in intestinal immune defense and the recognition of pathogens.
Pfeiffer Glandular Fever Long-Term Effects
Pfeiffer glandular fever can leave long-term effects. Learn which late complications are possible after EBV infection and when medical follow-up is essential.
Pflegezulage
Die Pflegezulage unterstützt Pflegebedürftige finanziell. Erfahre Anspruch, Pflegegrade und welche Leistungen die Pflegeversicherung bietet.
Phage therapy
Phage therapy uses bacteriophages – viruses that target bacteria – to treat bacterial infections. It is considered a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic differences affect a person´s response to medications. It helps tailor therapies to individuals and prevent adverse drug reactions.
Pharmacological
Pharmacological refers to everything related to the effects of drug substances on the human body. Pharmacology is the science studying interactions between active compounds and biological systems.
Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa that usually occurs acutely and is often accompanied by a sore throat, difficulty swallowing and a scratchy throat.
Phenothiazine
Phenothiazine is a chemical scaffold that forms the basis of an important class of drugs used primarily as antipsychotics and antiemetics in clinical medicine.
Phenotypic resistance testing
Phenotypic resistance testing is a laboratory method that directly measures the actual susceptibility of pathogens to medications, enabling targeted and personalised treatment decisions.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) is an oral antibiotic from the beta-lactam group, commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as strep throat and scarlet fever.
Phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon is an oral anticoagulant (blood thinner) belonging to the vitamin K antagonist class. It is used to prevent and treat thrombosis and embolism.
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that is important for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the support of mood and cognitive function.
Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid
Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid is a chemical UV filter used in sunscreens and skincare products to protect the skin from harmful UV-B radiation.
Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be properly broken down. Without treatment, it can lead to severe intellectual disabilities.
Pheochromocytoma
A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that produces excessive stress hormones, potentially causing dangerous spikes in blood pressure.
Phlebitis migrans
Phlebitis migrans is a recurring, migratory inflammation of superficial veins that affects different body sites over time. It may indicate an underlying serious condition.
Phlebolith
A phlebolith is a calcified structure that forms inside a vein, typically resulting from a hardened blood clot. They are usually harmless and often discovered incidentally during imaging studies.
Phlebology
Phlebology is a medical specialty focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of venous diseases.
Phlebostatic Pressure
Phlebostatic pressure refers to the blood pressure within the venous system. It is a key indicator of venous function and is clinically significant in the diagnosis of vascular and cardiac conditions.
Phlebotomy prophylaxis
Phlebotomy prophylaxis refers to preventive strategies aimed at avoiding or reducing the need for therapeutic phlebotomy. It is especially relevant in conditions such as hemochromatosis and polycythemia vera.
Phlegmasia coerulea dolens
Phlegmasia coerulea dolens is a rare, life-threatening form of massive deep vein thrombosis causing severe limb swelling, intense pain, and a characteristic blue-purple skin discoloration.
Phosphagen system
The phosphagen system is a rapid energy system in muscle tissue that instantly supplies ATP during short, high-intensity efforts without requiring oxygen.
Phosphate retention
Phosphate retention occurs when the body accumulates excess phosphate in the blood, most commonly due to kidney disease. It can lead to serious complications such as vascular calcification.
Phosphatidic Acid
Phosphatidic acid is a key phospholipid in the human body that serves as a building block for cell membranes and an important signaling molecule. It plays a central role in muscle growth and cellular communication.
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid and a key structural component of cell membranes, playing a vital role in fat metabolism, liver function, and brain health.
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid found primarily in brain cells, playing a key role in memory, concentration, and overall cognitive function.
Phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine is an energy-rich compound stored in muscle tissue that rapidly supplies cells with energy during intense physical activity.
Phosphoglyceride
Phosphoglycerides are essential lipids that form the main structural component of biological membranes and play central roles in cellular metabolism and cell signaling.
Phospholipid Complex
A phospholipid complex is a compound formed by binding an active ingredient to phospholipids, significantly improving the absorption of fat-soluble substances in the body.
Phospholipid Structure
Phospholipid structure describes the molecular composition of phospholipids, which are the primary building blocks of biological membranes and play a vital role in the human body.
Phospholipid synergy
Phospholipid synergy describes the combined action of different phospholipids that enhances their biological effectiveness. It plays a key role in cell membranes and nutrient absorption.
Phospholipid synergy analysis
Phospholipid synergy analysis examines the combined interactions of different phospholipids in the body, providing insights into cell membrane function and metabolic processes.
Phospholipid synergy complex
A phospholipid synergy complex is a combination of phospholipids that work together to enhance the bioavailability of active ingredients and support healthy cell membranes.
Phospholipid synergy marker
The phospholipid synergy marker describes the synergistic interaction of phospholipids in metabolism. It serves as a biomarker for assessing cell membrane function and lipid metabolism.
Phospholipide
Phospholipide sind eine Klasse von Amphiphilen (doppellipophilen Molekülen), die in allen lebenden Organismen eine zentrale Rolle spielen.
Phosphoric Acid Esters
Phosphoric acid esters are chemical compounds that play a central role in biochemistry and medicine. They occur naturally in the body and are also used as active ingredients and additives.
Phosphorus
Phosphor ist ein essenzieller Mineralstoff, der im menschlichen Körper vor allem in Form von Phosphat vorkommt.
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is a key biochemical process in which a phosphate group is attached to a molecule. It regulates numerous cellular functions and metabolic pathways.
Photobiomodulation
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive light-based therapy using red or near-infrared light to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and promote tissue regeneration.
Photocarcinogenesis
Photocarcinogenesis is the process by which UV radiation triggers the development of skin cancer. UV light damages the DNA of skin cells and can lead to malignant tumors over time.
Photodermatitis
Photodermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction triggered by UV radiation or visible light. Symptoms include redness, itching, and blistering on sun-exposed areas of the skin.
Photophobia
Photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity to light, causing pain or discomfort in the eyes when exposed to normal lighting conditions.
Photosynthese
Photosynthese ist der Prozess, mit dem Pflanzen Sonnenlicht in Energie umwandeln. Erfahre, wie CO₂ in Glukose verwandelt wird, warum Sauerstoff entsteht und warum dieser Vorgang für alles Leben entscheidend ist.
Phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that uses controlled light to treat skin conditions, mood disorders, and neonatal jaundice. It is applied in dermatology, psychiatry, and neonatology.
Phthalates
Phthalates are synthetic chemical compounds widely used as plasticizers in plastics. They are considered endocrine disruptors and may pose risks to human health, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Phylloquinone
Phylloquinone is the natural, plant-derived form of Vitamin K1, found mainly in green leafy vegetables. It plays a key role in blood clotting and bone health.
Physiological Anuria
Physiological anuria refers to the temporary absence of urine production in healthy newborns during the first hours after birth – a normal transitional condition.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a healthcare discipline that uses movement, exercise, and manual techniques to relieve pain, restore mobility, and improve physical function.
Phytanic Acid
Phytanic acid is a branched-chain fatty acid obtained through animal-based foods. When its breakdown is impaired, it can accumulate in the body and lead to serious metabolic disorders.
Phytic Acid
Phytic acid is a natural compound found in plant-based foods that binds minerals and can reduce their absorption in the body.
Phytoestrogens Effect
Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds that exert estrogen-like effects in the human body. They bind to estrogen receptors and can naturally influence hormonal balance.
Phytolectin
Phytolectins are plant-derived proteins that bind carbohydrates and are found in many foods. They influence the immune system and digestive health.
Phytomenadione
Phytomenadione (vitamin K1) is a coagulation-promoting active ingredient from the antidote group. It is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in blood clotting and contributes to bone health.
Phytonutrients
Phytonutrients, also known as secondary plant substances, are compounds that occur in plants and are important for their survival.
Phytosterol Absorption
Phytosterol absorption refers to the uptake of plant-derived sterols from the gut into the bloodstream. In humans, this process is naturally limited and plays a key role in cholesterol metabolism.
Phytosterol Biosynthesis
Phytosterol biosynthesis is the biochemical pathway by which plants produce plant sterols (phytosterols). These compounds are structurally similar to cholesterol and play a key role in plant physiology and human health.
Phytosterol Complex
A phytosterol complex is a blend of plant-based sterols that can help lower cholesterol levels and support heart health.
Phytosterol Synthesis
Phytosterol synthesis is the biochemical process by which plants produce plant sterols (phytosterols). These compounds are structurally similar to cholesterol and play key roles in plant cell membranes.
Phytosterolaemia
Phytosterolaemia is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which plant sterols accumulate in the blood and tissues, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Phytosterols
Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds that are structurally similar to cholesterol.
Phytotherapeutic Agent
A phytotherapeutic agent is a plant-based medicinal product derived from medicinal herbs or their extracts, used to prevent or treat various health conditions.
Phytotherapy
Phytotherapy is the evidence-based use of medicinal plants and plant-derived substances for the prevention and treatment of diseases. It is a recognised field within modern medicine.
Pica Syndrome
Pica syndrome is an eating disorder in which affected individuals persistently consume non-food substances. It commonly occurs in children, pregnant women, and people with developmental disorders.
Picornaviridae
Picornaviridae is a family of small RNA viruses that includes well-known pathogens such as poliovirus, rhinovirus, and enteroviruses, causing diseases of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, and nervous system.
Picroside I
Picroside I is a bioactive iridoid glycoside derived from the medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa. It exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Picroside II
Picroside II is a bioactive iridoid glycoside derived from the medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa. It exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Piezosurgery
Piezosurgery is a modern surgical technique that uses ultrasonic vibrations to cut bone tissue with high precision while leaving surrounding soft tissue unharmed.
Pilates Ring
Ein Pilatesring, auch bekannt als Magic Circle, ist ein vielseitiges Trainingsgerät aus flexiblem, leichtem Kunststoff mit seitlichen Polstern.
Pilonidal Sinus
A pilonidal sinus is a chronic skin condition near the tailbone in which a small channel forms under the skin, often leading to inflammation and abscess formation.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped gland in the brain that is important for the sleep-wake rhythm and the regulation of the internal clock.
Pinealocyte
Pinealocytes are the specialized secretory cells of the pineal gland responsible for producing melatonin, the hormone that regulates the human sleep-wake cycle.
Pinguecula
A pinguecula is a benign, yellowish thickening of the conjunctiva of the eye. It is commonly caused by UV radiation, wind, or dust and is generally harmless.
Pinoresinol
Pinoresinol is a plant-derived lignan found in oils, seeds, and whole grains that exerts antioxidant and estrogen-like effects in the human body.
Piotrowski Reflex
The Piotrowski reflex is a neurological deep tendon reflex of the foot used in clinical examinations to detect disorders of the nervous system.
Pipamperone
Pipamperone is an antipsychotic medication belonging to the butyrophenone class, primarily used to treat agitation, sleep disorders, and behavioral disturbances.
Piperacillin
Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the acylaminopenicillin group, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Piriformis Syndrome
Piriformis syndrome is a neuromuscular condition in which the piriformis muscle irritates or compresses the sciatic nerve, causing pain in the buttock and leg.
Piritramide
Piritramide is a potent opioid analgesic primarily used for the management of severe postoperative pain. It relieves pain by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
Pitavastatin
Pitavastatin is a prescription statin medication used to lower elevated cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Pituitary adenoma
A pituitary adenoma is a mostly benign tumor of the pituitary gland. It can produce hormones and affect various body functions.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small but vital gland in the brain that produces numerous hormones and serves as the central control hub of the hormonal system.
Pityriasis rosea
Die Röschenflechte ist eine meist gutartige, selbstlimitierende Hauterkrankung mit charakteristischem, schuppendem Hautausschlag.
Pityriasis versicolor
Die Kleienpilzflechte ist eine oberflächliche Hautinfektion durch Hefepilze der Gattung Malassezia, die zu hellen oder bräunlichen, fein schuppenden Hautveränderungen führt.
Pivot-Shift Test
The pivot-shift test is a clinical examination method used to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament rupture in the knee joint. It assesses rotational instability of the knee.
Placebo Control
Placebo control is a scientific method used in clinical trials where a comparison group receives an inactive dummy treatment, allowing researchers to objectively measure the true effect of a new therapy.
Placebo effect
The placebo effect describes the positive impact of a sham treatment containing no active ingredient, driven by patient expectation, belief, and trust in therapy.
Placental birth
Placental birth is the third stage of labour, during which the placenta is expelled after the delivery of the baby. It is a natural conclusion to the birth process.
Placental Insufficiency
Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta cannot adequately supply the unborn baby with oxygen and nutrients, potentially causing serious pregnancy complications.
Plagiocephalus
Plagiocephalus refers to an asymmetrical flattening of the skull in infants. The condition is typically caused by prolonged pressure on one side of the head during lying positions.
Planing Chip Phenomenon
The planing chip phenomenon is a clinical sign of psoriasis: when scales are scraped off, thin lamellae detach like wood shavings. It aids in diagnosis.
Plant Sterol Therapy
Plant sterol therapy uses plant-derived sterols to lower LDL cholesterol levels. It is commonly used as a complementary approach to managing elevated blood lipids.
Plantar fascia tear
A plantar fascia tear is a partial or complete rupture of the connective tissue band along the sole of the foot. It causes severe pain and limits mobility.
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is a painful inflammation of the plantar fascia in the foot, typically causing heel pain. It is one of the most common causes of foot pain in adults.
Plantar Fasciitis Symptoms
Plantar fasciitis symptoms include sharp heel pain that is especially severe with the first steps in the morning. Learn how to recognize the condition and when to see a doctor.
Plantar Muscle Reflex
The plantar muscle reflex is a neurological reflex triggered by stimulating the sole of the foot. It is used to assess the function of the nervous system.
Plasma Protein
Plasma proteins are proteins dissolved in blood plasma that perform vital functions, including transporting substances, regulating blood pressure, and supporting immune defence.
Plasma Viscosity
Plasma viscosity measures the thickness and flow resistance of blood plasma. It is an important laboratory marker used to detect inflammation and various blood-related conditions.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are rare immune cells that produce large amounts of type I interferons in response to viral infections, playing a key role in innate immune defense.
Plaster Cast
A plaster cast is a rigid supportive bandage used to immobilize broken bones or injured joints, keeping them in the correct position to promote proper healing.
Platelet Activation
Platelet activation is a key process in blood clotting, in which blood platelets are triggered to aggregate and form a plug that stops bleeding at the site of vascular injury.
Pleural Effusion
A pleural effusion is an abnormal build-up of fluid in the pleural space, the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall. It can cause breathlessness and may indicate various underlying conditions.
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive malignant tumor of the pleura (lining of the lungs). It is most commonly caused by long-term asbestos exposure and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
Pleural Puncture
A pleural puncture is a medical procedure in which fluid or air is withdrawn from the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. It is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Pleuritis Symptoms
Pleuritis (pleurisy) causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Learn about the typical symptoms, possible causes, and when to seek medical attention.
Pleurodynia
Pleurodynia is a sharp chest pain caused by inflammation of the intercostal muscles or the pleura. It is most commonly associated with viral infections.
Plexus uretericus
The plexus uretericus is an autonomic nerve network that supplies the ureter, controlling its movements and pain perception along its entire course.
Plica rectouterina
The plica rectouterina is a peritoneal fold in the female pelvis located between the uterus and the rectum. It borders the pouch of Douglas and holds significant clinical relevance.
Plica Syndrome
Plica syndrome is an irritation of the synovial fold inside the knee joint. It causes pain, swelling, and snapping sensations and is common in physically active individuals.
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Plummer-Vinson syndrome is a rare condition characterized by iron deficiency anemia, difficulty swallowing, and abnormal tissue formations in the upper esophagus.
PMS Symptoms
PMS symptoms occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and include physical and emotional complaints. Learn about causes, signs, and treatment options.
Pneumonia Pathogens
Pneumonia pathogens are microorganisms that cause lung infections. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The most common are Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza viruses.
Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing partial or complete collapse of a lung. It can arise spontaneously or result from injury.
Poikilocyte
A poikilocyte is an abnormally shaped red blood cell. These shape changes can indicate various blood disorders or nutritional deficiencies.
Polarlichter
Polarlichter entstehen durch Sonnenwind und zeigen faszinierende Lichtspiele am Himmel. Erfahre, wie sie entstehen und wo sie am besten zu sehen sind.
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly contagious viral disease that attacks the nervous system and can cause permanent paralysis. Vaccination has largely eradicated it worldwide.
Pollen allergy
Pollen allergy, also known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, is an exaggerated immune reaction to flower pollen.
Pollen allergy hay fever
Pollen allergy (hay fever) is an allergic reaction to airborne pollen. Common symptoms include sneezing, itchy eyes, and a runny nose.
Pollen Season
Pollen season refers to the period when plants release pollen into the air. It is a major trigger of allergic reactions such as hay fever and allergic rhinitis.
Polyarthritis
Polyarthritis refers to the simultaneous inflammation of five or more joints. It can follow a chronic course and may lead to permanent joint damage if untreated.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic environmental contaminants formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter such as fossil fuels, wood, or tobacco.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder in women that causes irregular periods, elevated androgen levels, and cyst-like changes in the ovaries.
Polycythaemia vera
Polycythaemia vera is a rare bone marrow disorder in which too many red blood cells are produced. It can lead to serious complications such as blood clots and stroke.
Polydextrose
Polydextrose is a synthetically produced soluble fiber used as a food additive (E1200). It supports digestive health and serves as a low-calorie bulking agent in many foods.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory rheumatic condition that primarily affects older adults, causing significant pain and stiffness in the shoulders, neck, and hips.
Polymyositis
Polymyositis is a rare inflammatory muscle disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own muscle tissue, causing progressive muscle weakness and requiring medical treatment.
Polyneuropathy
Polyneuropathy refers to a condition in which several peripheral nerves in the body are affected simultaneously and function and sensation are typically impaired
Polyphagia
Polyphagia refers to an abnormally increased appetite and excessive food intake. It is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, or certain psychological conditions.
Polyphenol absorption markers
Polyphenol absorption markers are measurable biomarkers in blood or urine that reflect the uptake of dietary polyphenols. They are used in nutritional research to assess polyphenol intake and bioavailability.
Polyphenol Bioavailability
Polyphenol bioavailability describes how much of the polyphenols found in food the body can actually absorb, metabolize, and use for health benefits.
Polyphenol biokinetic analysis
Polyphenol biokinetic analysis examines how plant-derived polyphenols are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the human body. It provides key insights for nutritional science and preventive medicine.
Polyphenol Biokinetics
Polyphenol biokinetics describes how plant-derived polyphenols are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the human body.
Polyphenol Complex
A polyphenol complex is a combination of multiple plant-based polyphenols that work together to deliver antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health benefits.
Polyphenol Intake
Polyphenol intake refers to the amount of plant-based antioxidants consumed through the diet. A high intake is associated with numerous health benefits.
Polyphenol Kinetics
Polyphenol kinetics describes how plant-derived polyphenols are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the human body.
Polyphenol Metabolism
Polyphenol metabolism describes how the body absorbs, transforms, and excretes plant-derived polyphenols. It is key to understanding the health benefits of these bioactive compounds.
Polyphenol profile
The polyphenol profile describes the full composition and quantity of polyphenols found in a food or organism. It provides key insights into the potential health benefits of a food or supplement.
Polyphenol Synergy
Polyphenol synergy describes how multiple polyphenols work together to produce stronger health effects than any single compound could achieve on its own.
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are plant antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress, inhibit inflammation and are considered key factors for cell protection and longevity.
Polysilicone-15
Polysilicone-15 is a synthetic UV filter used in sunscreens that absorbs UVB radiation, protecting the skin from sunburn and UV-induced damage.
Polysubstance abuse
Polysubstance abuse refers to the simultaneous or alternating misuse of multiple addictive substances. It is one of the most complex forms of substance use disorder.
Polytrauma
Polytrauma refers to simultaneous severe injuries to multiple body regions, where at least one is life-threatening. Immediate emergency care is essential.
Polyzystisches Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS)
Das Polyzystische Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) ist eine hormonelle Störung, die den Hormonhaushalt, den Zyklus und die Fruchtbarkeit von Frauen beeinflusst.
Pontiac Fever
Pontiac fever is a mild, self-limiting infection caused by Legionella bacteria, producing flu-like symptoms without pneumonia and resolving spontaneously within a few days.
Poor feeding
Poor feeding describes a newborn or infant's reduced ability to take in sufficient breast milk or formula. It can be a sign of various underlying medical conditions.
Popliteus tendinopathy
Popliteus tendinopathy is an overuse injury of the popliteus tendon at the knee joint, commonly affecting runners and causing pain on the outer side of the knee.
Poppi-Scandal
The 2025 Poppi scandal involved misleading advertising of prebiotic sodas by the US company Poppi and ended with a multi-million-dollar settlement over false health claims.
Porphyrin Metabolism
Porphyrin metabolism describes the biosynthesis and breakdown of porphyrins, which serve as the core building blocks of heme, the iron-containing component of hemoglobin. Disorders of this pathway can lead to a group of diseases known as porphyrias.
Portal Vein
The portal vein (Vena portae) is a major blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing and detoxification.
Portion control
Portion control refers to the conscious management of food quantities consumed at meals to regulate calorie intake and support a healthy body weight.
Post Workout Shake
A post workout shake is a nutrient drink consumed after exercise to support muscle recovery and replenish energy stores. It delivers protein and carbohydrates when the body needs them most.
Post-Aggression Syndrome
Post-aggression syndrome describes the systemic stress response of the body following severe injury, surgery, or infection. It involves profound metabolic and organ changes that significantly influence recovery.
Post-term Birth
A post-term birth refers to a delivery that occurs after 42 completed weeks of pregnancy. It carries risks for both mother and child and requires close medical monitoring.
Post-traumatic Heart Syndrome
Post-traumatic heart syndrome is a cardiac condition that can develop after injury to the heart tissue. It includes conditions such as Dressler syndrome and post-cardiotomy syndrome.
Postbiotic supplementation
Postbiotic supplementation refers to the targeted intake of postbiotics – bioactive metabolites from beneficial bacteria – to support gut health, immunity, and overall well-being.
Postbiotics
Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced when beneficial gut bacteria ferment dietary fibres, offering a range of positive health effects on the human body.
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Postcholecystectomy syndrome refers to persistent or new abdominal symptoms that occur after surgical removal of the gallbladder. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Posterior cruciate ligament
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a key stabilizing structure inside the knee joint that prevents the tibia from shifting backward. It is one of the strongest ligaments in the human body.
Posterior Malleolus
The posterior malleolus is the bony projection at the back of the shinbone. It forms part of the ankle joint and can be fractured in ankle injuries.
Posterior Placenta
A posterior placenta is attached to the back wall of the uterus. It is considered a normal placental position and is generally safe for both mother and baby.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease caused by estrogen deficiency after menopause, significantly increasing the risk of fractures.
Postmenopause Phase
The postmenopause phase begins after the last menstrual period and lasts for the rest of a woman's life. Hormonal changes can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Postmortem Lividity
Postmortem lividity refers to the bluish-red discoloration of the skin that develops after death as blood settles into the lowest areas of the body due to gravity.
Postnatal care
Postnatal care covers the medical, nursing, and psychosocial support provided to mother and newborn during the first weeks after birth.
Postnatal midwife
A postnatal midwife supports mother and newborn at home after birth. She assists with breastfeeding, postpartum recovery, and early infant care during the weeks following delivery.
Postnatal Recovery Course
A postnatal recovery course helps women after childbirth to strengthen the pelvic floor, abdomen, and back, supporting the body in recovering from pregnancy and delivery.
Postnatal recovery exercises
Postnatal recovery exercises are targeted workouts after childbirth designed to strengthen the pelvic floor, abdomen, and back, helping the body recover from pregnancy and delivery.
Postpartum depression
Wochenbettdepression ist eine psychische Erkrankung, die innerhalb der ersten Monate nach der Geburt auftritt und mit anhaltender Niedergeschlagenheit, Erschöpfung und innerer Überforderung einhergeht.
Postpartum Period
Das Wochenbett bezeichnet die Zeitspanne von etwa sechs bis acht Wochen nach der Geburt, in der sich der Körper der Frau von Schwangerschaft und Entbindung erholt.
Postprandial
Postprandial refers to the period following a meal. In medicine, it is especially relevant for monitoring blood sugar and blood fat levels after eating.
Postprandial Hyperglycemia
Postprandial hyperglycemia refers to an abnormally high blood glucose level after eating. It is a key feature of diabetes and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Postprandial Response
The postprandial response refers to all physiological changes occurring in the body after a meal, including shifts in blood glucose, hormone levels, and metabolic activity.
Postural control
Postural control is the ability of the body to maintain a stable and upright position. It is essential for movement, balance, and overall physical health.
Posture training
Posture training involves targeted exercises and techniques to improve body alignment. It helps correct poor posture and prevent musculoskeletal complaints.
Potassium Absorption
Potassium absorption is the process by which potassium from food is taken up in the intestine into the bloodstream. Potassium is an essential mineral that regulates nerve and muscle function.
Potassium Aluminosilicate
Potassium aluminosilicate is an inorganic mineral compound of potassium, aluminium, and silicon. It is used as a food additive, in cosmetics, and industrial applications.
Potassium Channel Openers
Potassium channel openers are pharmacological agents that activate potassium channels in cell membranes, reducing cellular excitability. They are used in conditions such as hypertension, angina, and hair loss.
Potassium Chloride
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a potassium compound used medically to treat potassium deficiency and is also found as a dietary supplement and salt substitute.
Potassium Citrate
Kaliumcitrat ist das Kaliumsalz der Zitronensäure und wird häufig in der Medizin und als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel verwendet.
Potassium Deficiency
Kaliummangel (medizinisch: Hypokaliämie) bezeichnet einen zu niedrigen Kaliumspiegel im Blut, der die Funktion von Nerven, Muskeln und Herz beeinträchtigen kann.
Potassium deficiency causes
Potassium deficiency can result from various causes including poor diet, medications, or underlying conditions. Learn about the most common triggers and risk factors.
Potassium Deficiency Symptoms
Potassium deficiency symptoms occur when blood potassium levels drop too low. Common signs include muscle weakness, cramps, and irregular heartbeat.
Potassium Gluconate
Potassium gluconate is an organic potassium compound used as a dietary supplement to meet the body's potassium requirements. It supports muscle function, heart rhythm, and electrolyte balance.
Potassium Homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis refers to the body regulation of potassium levels in the blood. A stable potassium balance is vital for heart function, muscles, and nerve activity.
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a strongly caustic inorganic compound used in medicine primarily as a diagnostic tool for fungal skin infections.
Potassium hydroxide solution
Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) is a strongly caustic base used in medicine, industry, and food processing.
Potassium Iodide
Potassium iodide is an inorganic salt of potassium and iodine used medically for thyroid blocking, iodide therapy, and radiation protection.
Potassium Iodide Tablet
A potassium iodide tablet is a medication used to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine, for example during nuclear emergencies. It works by saturating the thyroid with stable iodine to block absorption of radioactive iodine.
Potassium metabisulfite
Potassium metabisulfite (E224) is a chemical preservative used as a food additive, antioxidant, and disinfectant in food, winemaking, and pharmaceutical industries.
Potassium Metabolism Disorder
A potassium metabolism disorder refers to an imbalance of potassium levels in the blood. It can occur as hypokalemia (too little potassium) or hyperkalemia (too much potassium), affecting heart function and muscles.
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is a chemical compound of potassium and nitrate, used as a food additive (E252), fertilizer, and in medical applications such as toothpaste for sensitive teeth.
Potassium Phosphate
Potassium phosphate is a compound of potassium and phosphate used medically to treat phosphate deficiency and low potassium levels, and found as a nutritional supplement and food additive.
Potassium retention
Potassium retention refers to the excessive accumulation of potassium in the blood. It can cause dangerous heart rhythm disturbances and requires prompt medical evaluation.
Potassium sorbate
Potassium sorbate is a widely used preservative in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It inhibits the growth of molds, yeasts, and bacteria and is considered safe when used as intended.
Potassium Sulphite
Potassium sulphite is an inorganic salt used as a food additive (E225) for preservation. It inhibits microbial growth and prevents oxidative spoilage in a wide range of foods and beverages.
Potassium Toxicity
Eine Kaliumvergiftung (Hyperkaliämie) entsteht, wenn der Kaliumspiegel im Blut deutlich über den Normwert von etwa 3,5–5,0 mmol/l ansteigt.
Pound Euro Converter
A Pound Euro Converter lets you quickly and easily convert British Pounds (GBP) into Euros (EUR) using the latest exchange rate.
Powassan encephalitis
The Powassan virus is tick-borne and can cause encephalitis. Learn about its symptoms, transmission routes, risk groups and prevention strategies.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a defect on chromosome 15, leading to muscle weakness, short stature, intellectual disability, and an insatiable appetite.
Pramipexole
Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist used to treat Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. It mimics the action of dopamine in the brain.
Pravastatin
Pravastatin is a prescription medication used to lower elevated cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Pre Formula
Pre formula is a starter infant formula closely modeled after breast milk and suitable as the sole source of nutrition from birth onward.
Pre-Sleep Protein
Pre-sleep protein refers to the deliberate intake of protein shortly before bed to support muscle recovery and growth during the night.
Prebiotic Foods
Prebiotic foods contain indigestible fibers that selectively nourish beneficial gut bacteria, supporting digestive health, immune function, and overall well-being.
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are indigestible dietary fibres that serve as a food source for the beneficial bacteria in the gut and promote the growth and activity of these microorganisms.
Precarinal
Precarinal refers to the anatomical region located immediately before the carina, the point where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi. The term is widely used in thoracic diagnostics.
Precision diagnostics
Precision diagnostics refers to highly accurate medical testing methods that use individual biological and molecular markers to detect diseases early and with great specificity.
Precision Fermentation
Precision Fermentation produziert tierfreie Proteine mit Gentechnik. Trotz Innovation: Kritik wegen GMO, Energieverbrauch und fehlender Langzeitstudien bleibt berechtigt.
Precision medicine in infectious diseases
Precision medicine in infectious diseases uses genetic and molecular data to tailor diagnosis and treatment to each patient. This makes therapies more targeted and effective.
Prediabetes
Prediabetes is a preliminary stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus in which the blood sugar levels are elevated but not yet in the diabetic range.
Prediabetes Symptoms
Prediabetes often causes no obvious symptoms. Learn which warning signs may indicate elevated blood sugar levels and when to seek medical advice.
Prednisolone
Prednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It is widely used to treat inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions.
Preeclampsia
Präeklampsie ist eine schwere Schwangerschaftserkrankung, die vor allem nach der 20. Schwangerschaftswoche auftritt und sowohl für die Mutter als auch für das ungeborene Kind gefährlich sein kann.
Pregabalin
Pregabalin is a prescription medication used to treat nerve pain, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. It works by calming overactive nerve signals in the brain and spinal cord.
Pregnancy complaints
Pregnancy complaints are physical symptoms that occur during pregnancy. They are usually harmless but can be burdensome and affect daily life.
Pregnancy test
A pregnancy test detects the hormone hCG in urine or blood to confirm a pregnancy. Results are typically reliable from the first day of a missed period.
Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring steroid hormone that serves as a precursor to many other hormones. It plays a key role in hormonal balance and brain function.
Premature infant
A premature infant is a baby born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Preterm births often require specialized neonatal intensive care.
Premature Infant Care
Premature infant care includes all medical and nursing measures for babies born before 37 weeks of gestation. It aims to support the survival and healthy development of preterm newborns.
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is a condition where the ovaries stop functioning normally before the age of 40, leading to hormone deficiency and reduced fertility.
Premenopause
Premenopause marks the beginning of hormonal fluctuations before menopause. Learn about symptoms and how to support your body naturally.
Premenstrual Syndrome
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and resolve with the onset of menstruation.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Das prämenstruelle Syndrom (PMS) ist eine Gruppe von körperlichen und emotionalen Symptomen, die in der zweiten Hälfte des Menstruationszyklus einer Frau auftreten, typischerweise zwei bis zehn Tage vor der Periode.
Prenatal care
Prenatal care includes regular medical check-ups during pregnancy to monitor the health of mother and baby and to detect any complications early.
Prenatal Diagnostics
Prenatal diagnostics refers to medical examinations carried out during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and unborn child and to detect possible developmental disorders at an early stage.
Prerenal Proteinuria
Prerenal proteinuria refers to elevated protein levels in the urine caused not by kidney disease, but by an excess of specific low-molecular-weight proteins in the bloodstream.
Preservatives
Preservatives are additives that protect food, cosmetics, and medicines from spoilage. They inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend shelf life.
Pressure Palsy
Pressure palsy is a temporary weakness or paralysis of a nerve caused by prolonged mechanical compression of nerve tissue. It is usually fully reversible.
Pressure Ulcer Prevention
Pressure ulcer prevention includes all measures to avoid bedsores in at-risk individuals. Regular repositioning, skin care, and supportive devices are key components of effective prevention.
Preterm birth prevention
Preterm birth prevention includes all measures aimed at avoiding birth before 37 weeks of gestation. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment protect both mother and child.
Prevalence
Prevalence describes how many people in a population are affected by a disease or health condition at a specific point in time or over a defined period.
Preventive medical examination
A preventive medical examination helps detect diseases early, before symptoms appear. Regular check-ups can save lives and improve long-term health outcomes.
Price-Jones Curve
The Price-Jones curve is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of red blood cell diameters. It is used to assess size variations in erythrocytes and to support the diagnosis of blood disorders.
Prick Test
The prick test is a widely used skin test procedure for diagnosing allergies. Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin and briefly pricked in to detect immune reactions.
Pridinol Mesilate
Pridinol mesilate is a muscle relaxant used to treat painful muscle spasms and tension. It acts both centrally and peripherally to effectively reduce elevated muscle tone.
Primitive Reflexes
Primitive reflexes are innate, involuntary movement patterns present in newborns and infants that indicate neurological maturity and gradually disappear as the brain develops.
Probiotic Colonization
Probiotic colonization refers to the process by which live microorganisms settle in the gut after probiotic intake. It influences the gut microbiome and can provide lasting health benefits.
Probiotics
Probiotics are living microorganisms that can have a positive effect on intestinal health when taken in sufficient quantities.
Probiotics for Acne – Gut-Skin Axis
Probiotics may improve acne-prone skin by positively influencing the gut-skin axis. Learn how beneficial bacteria help reduce inflammation and support clearer skin.
Procaine Benzylpenicillin
Procaine benzylpenicillin is a depot antibiotic from the penicillin group, administered by injection, which allows for a slow and sustained release of the active substance.
Procollagen Type III N Propeptide
Procollagen Type III N Propeptide (PIIINP) is a biomarker reflecting collagen synthesis and tissue fibrosis. Elevated levels indicate increased connective tissue remodeling in organs.
Proctology
Proctology is a medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating diseases of the rectum, anus, and pelvic floor. It is a subspecialty of surgery and gastroenterology.
Product inhibition
Product inhibition is a biochemical regulation mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits its own production. This allows the body to efficiently control metabolic processes.
Professional Teeth Cleaning
Professional teeth cleaning (PTC) is a thorough dental treatment performed by trained dental staff to remove plaque, tartar, and stains, helping prevent cavities and gum disease.
Progesteron
Progesteron ist ein zentrales Hormon im weiblichen Zyklus. Erfahre mehr über seine Funktion, Symptome bei Mangel und natürliche sowie therapeutische Ansätze zur Regulation.
Progesterone Decline
A progesterone decline refers to a drop in the level of the hormone progesterone in the blood. It can occur naturally during the menstrual cycle, after childbirth, or during menopause, and may cause a range of symptoms.
Progesterone Deficiency
Progesterone deficiency refers to abnormally low levels of the hormone progesterone in the blood. It can cause irregular cycles, fertility issues, and menopausal symptoms.
Progesterone receptor
The progesterone receptor is a protein found in certain cells that binds the hormone progesterone and mediates its effects in the body. It plays a key role in reproduction, pregnancy, and specific types of cancer.
Progestogen therapy
Progestogen therapy is a hormonal treatment using progestogens (corpus luteum hormones), applied in gynaecology, contraception, and hormone replacement therapy.
Progranulin
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor protein that regulates cell growth, inflammation, and tissue repair, playing a key role in neurological diseases.
Progressive
Progressive describes a medical course in which a disease or symptom continuously worsens or spreads over time. The term is essential for assessing disease trajectories and planning treatment.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Progressive muscle relaxation is a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are systematically tensed and released to reduce stress, anxiety, and physical tension.
Projection
Projection is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously attributes their own feelings or traits to others.
Proliferation
Proliferation refers to the multiplication of cells through cell division. It is a fundamental biological process involved in growth, tissue repair, and the development of cancer.
Promethazine
Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine and phenothiazine derivative used to treat allergies, nausea, and insomnia.
Promotion of vasodilation
Promotion of vasodilation refers to measures that widen blood vessels to improve circulation and lower blood pressure, supporting cardiovascular health.
Promyelocyte
A promyelocyte is an immature precursor cell of white blood cells that develops in the bone marrow. It plays a key role in the formation of granulocytes.
Prone Position
The prone position refers to a body posture in which a person lies face down. It is used therapeutically in respiratory care and intensive care medicine.
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis refers to all preventive measures aimed at preventing diseases from occurring or delaying their onset. It is a core concept of modern medicine and public health.
Propionic Acid
Propionic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that occurs naturally in metabolism and is used as a food preservative (E280) to prevent mold growth.
Proprioception
Proprioception is the body's ability to sense its own position and movement in space. It is essential for balance, coordination, and safe movement.
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol is a synthetic additive used as a solvent and humectant in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia, commonly known as face blindness, is a neurological condition in which a person cannot recognize faces. Affected individuals rely on voice, hairstyle, or clothing to identify others.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are naturally occurring signaling molecules that regulate inflammation, pain, and many other body functions. They play a key role in medicine.
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is a malignant disease of the prostate gland and the most common cancer in men. Early detection and modern therapies significantly improve treatment outcomes.
prostate cancer symptoms
Prostate cancer symptoms: Learn which signs may indicate prostate cancer, when to see a doctor, and how early detection improves treatment outcomes.
Prostate Health
Prostate health refers to the proper functioning of the prostate gland in men. A healthy prostate is essential for urinary function and male fertility.
Prostate Health Markers
Prostate health markers are medical biomarkers measured in blood or urine that provide information about the condition of the prostate and support early detection of prostate diseases.
Prostate Inflammation
Prostate inflammation, known medically as prostatitis, is an inflammation of the prostate gland in men. It can be acute or chronic and often causes pain and difficulties with urination.
Prostate Inflammation Markers
Prostate inflammation markers are laboratory values that indicate inflammation of the prostate gland. They assist doctors in diagnosing and monitoring the course of prostatitis.
Prostate Screening
Prostate screening involves medical examinations to detect prostate cancer and other prostate conditions at an early stage. Regular check-ups from age 45 can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
Prostatectomy
A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or part of the prostate gland. It is most commonly performed to treat prostate cancer.
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Prostatic hyperplasia is a benign (non-cancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects older men and can cause urinary symptoms.
Prostheses
A dental prosthesis is a removable dental replacement designed to restore chewing, speech, and aesthetics by replacing missing teeth or entire dental arches.
Prosthetics
Prosthetics is the medical field focused on replacing missing body parts with artificial devices to restore function and improve the quality of life of affected individuals.
Protease Inhibition
Protease inhibition refers to the targeted blocking of proteases – enzymes that cleave proteins. It plays a central role in medicine and pharmacology.
Protein Analysis
Protein analysis is a medical diagnostic procedure used to determine the type and quantity of proteins in blood, urine, or tissue. It provides key insights into diseases of the kidneys, liver, and immune system.
Protein Biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis is the cellular process by which proteins are produced based on genetic information. It involves transcription and translation.
Protein Catabolism
Protein catabolism is the metabolic process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids and other byproducts. It is an essential part of human metabolism and energy regulation.
Protein catabolism markers
Protein catabolism markers are laboratory values that indicate the breakdown of body protein. They help clinicians assess the nutritional and metabolic status of patients.
Protein digestibility
Protein digestibility describes how efficiently the body breaks down and absorbs amino acids from dietary protein. It is a key measure of nutritional protein quality.
Protein hydrolysate
Protein hydrolysate is a protein product obtained by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of proteins. It is widely used in nutrition, medicine, and sports supplementation.
Protein isolate
Protein isolate is a highly concentrated form of protein with over 90% protein content, derived from sources such as whey, soy, or peas. It is widely used as a dietary supplement in sports nutrition and clinical dietetics.
Protein Metabolism
Protein metabolism refers to all bodily processes involved in the synthesis, transformation, and breakdown of proteins. It is essential for growth, tissue repair, and countless physiological functions.
Protein powder
Protein powders are concentrated forms of protein that are obtained from various sources, such as whey, eggs, pulses or plants like rice and peas.
Protein powder with enzymes
Protein powder with enzymes is a dietary supplement that combines protein with digestive enzymes to improve the breakdown and absorption of amino acids in the body.
Protein powder without sweeteners
Protein powder without sweeteners provides concentrated protein without artificial or natural sweetening agents. It is ideal for people with digestive sensitivities or those seeking a clean, additive-free nutritional supplement.
Protein requirements in old age
Protein requirements increase with age to preserve muscle mass, bone density, and immune function. Learn how much protein older adults need daily.
Protein Spiking
Protein spiking is a fraudulent practice in the supplement industry where cheap amino acids or nitrogen-rich compounds are added to protein powders to artificially inflate the reported protein content.
Protein timing
Protein timing refers to the strategic scheduling of protein intake around meals and exercise to maximize muscle growth, recovery, and metabolic efficiency.
Protein-rich foods
Protein-rich foods are important for muscle building, cell regeneration and metabolic processes. Proteins are made up of amino acids, some of which are essential and must be obtained from food.
Proteinkinase PLK1
Die Proteinkinase PLK1 ist ein Enzym, das eine zentrale Rolle bei der Zellteilung spielt.
Proteinmaxxing
Proteinmaxxing refers to the deliberate maximization of daily protein intake to support muscle growth, body composition, and overall health.
Proteinogen
Der Begriff proteinogen bezeichnet Aminosäuren, die direkt am Aufbau von Proteinen beteiligt sind.
Proteinuria
Proteinuria refers to elevated levels of protein in the urine. It can be a sign of kidney disease or other underlying medical conditions.
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the enzymatic breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
Proteostasis
Proteostasis describes the cellular balance of all proteins from synthesis to degradation. Disruptions are linked to aging and serious diseases.
Prothrombin Time
Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood coagulation test that measures how quickly blood clots. It is used to diagnose clotting disorders and to monitor anticoagulant therapy.
Proton Gradient
The proton gradient is an electrochemical difference in hydrogen ion (proton) concentration across a membrane, used by cells to generate energy in the form of ATP.
Proton Motive Force
The proton motive force is an electrochemical energy generated by a proton gradient across a membrane, used by cells to produce ATP, the main energy currency of life.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are medications that reduce stomach acid production. They are commonly used to treat heartburn, peptic ulcers, and acid reflux disease.
Protopathic
Protopathic refers to a primitive, undifferentiated form of sensory perception that detects crude stimuli such as pain, heat, and cold, but does not allow precise localization.
Proximal humerus fracture
A proximal humerus fracture is a break at the upper end of the arm bone. It is one of the most common fractures, especially in older adults with reduced bone density.
Proximal space
The proximal space is the gap between two adjacent teeth. It is a common site for tooth decay and gum inflammation if not cleaned properly.
PRP-Behandlung (Eigenbluttherapie)
Die PRP-Behandlung (Platelet-Rich Plasma) ist ein medizinisches Verfahren, bei dem körpereigenes, plättchenreiches Plasma therapeutisch eingesetzt wird.
Pruritus (Itching)
Pruritus, commonly known as itching, is an unpleasant skin sensation that triggers a strong urge to scratch. It can have many causes and may occur locally or all over the body.
PSA Level Age Chart
The PSA level age chart shows age-specific normal ranges for prostate-specific antigen in the blood, helping doctors accurately assess elevated values in men.
PSA value table
The PSA value table shows age-specific reference values for the PSA test used in the early detection of prostate conditions. Learn what values are considered normal.
Pseudarthrosis
Pseudarthrosis is a condition where a broken bone fails to heal properly, forming a false joint at the fracture site. Specialized treatment is often required.
Pseudoagglutination
Pseudoagglutination is a false clumping of red blood cells in laboratory tests that mimics true agglutination but does not involve an immune reaction.
Pseudochylothorax
Pseudochylothorax is a rare condition in which a milky, turbid fluid accumulates in the pleural space, resembling chyle but characterized by high cholesterol levels.
Pseudocroup
Pseudocroup is an acute, usually viral inflammation of the upper respiratory tract that mainly affects infants between 6 months and 6 years
Pseudocyanosis
Pseudocyanosis is a bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin that resembles true cyanosis but is not caused by low blood oxygen levels.
Pseudocyst
A pseudocyst is a fluid-filled cavity in body tissue that lacks a true cyst wall. It most commonly occurs as a complication of pancreatic inflammation.
Pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine is a nasal decongestant used to relieve congestion caused by colds, allergies, and sinusitis. It works by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages to improve airflow.
Pseudogene
A pseudogene is a non-functional DNA sequence that resembles a functional gene but cannot produce a working protein due to mutations or structural changes.
Psoriatic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease caused by psoriasis. Find out all about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis and modern treatment strategies here.
Psychoeducation
Psychoeducation is a therapeutic approach that informs patients about their mental illness and empowers them to manage their condition more effectively.
Psychological
Psychological refers to everything related to the mind, emotions, and behavior of a person. It encompasses mental health, thoughts, and inner experiences.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI or also known as KPNI) is an interdisciplinary field of research that investigates the interactions between the nervous system, immune system and psyche.
Psychosomatics
Psychosomatics explores the connection between the mind and body in the development of illness. Psychological stress can trigger or worsen physical symptoms.
Psyllium husks
Flea seed husks come from the plant Plantago ovata (Indian plantain) and are a particularly soluble source of fibre with excellent swelling properties.
Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene is a natural plant compound from the stilbene family, found primarily in blueberries and grapes. It is a bioactive polyphenol known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Pterygomandibular Space
The pterygomandibular space is an anatomical connective tissue compartment in the jaw region, playing a key role in inferior alveolar nerve blocks used in dentistry.
Pubic bone inflammation
Pubic bone inflammation (osteitis pubis) is an inflammation of the pubic bone and pubic symphysis. It causes groin and pelvic pain and commonly affects athletes and pregnant women.
Pubic Bone Inflammation (Osteitis Pubis)
Osteitis pubis is a painful inflammation of the pubic symphysis and surrounding bone. It commonly affects athletes and causes groin and pelvic pain that can significantly impact physical activity.
Public Health Index
Ein Public Health Index ist ein messbarer Kennwert, der die Gesundheit einer Bevölkerung anhand verschiedener Indikatoren beschreibt.
Puffer Fish
The puffer fish is a marine fish whose organs contain the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin. Poisoning is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measures pressure in the small blood vessels of the lungs, providing important information about heart function and possible fluid congestion.
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is a dangerous accumulation of fluid in the lungs that impairs breathing and requires immediate medical treatment.
Pulmonary Embolism Symptoms in Women
Pulmonary embolism in women: recognize symptoms early, understand causes, and act fast. Overview of typical and atypical warning signs.
Pulmonary Emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung disease in which the air sacs are permanently overinflated and destroyed, causing progressive breathlessness.
Pulmonary fibrosis
Lung fibrosis is a chronically progressive lung disease in which hardening and scarring of the lung tissue occurs.
Pulmonary Function Analysis
Pulmonary function analysis is a diagnostic procedure used to measure breathing capacity and lung performance. It is essential for detecting and monitoring respiratory conditions such as asthma or COPD.
Pulmonary function test
Ein Lungenfunktionstest ist eine diagnostische Untersuchung zur Messung von Atemvolumen, Luftfluss und Leistungsfähigkeit der Lunge.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs. It strains the right side of the heart and can cause breathlessness.
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Pulmonary-renal syndrome is a life-threatening condition combining diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, most often caused by autoimmune diseases.
Pulpectomy
A pulpectomy is a dental procedure in which the entire dental pulp is removed. It forms the basis of root canal treatment and is performed when the pulp is irreversibly damaged.
Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla bezeichnet in der Naturheilkunde die Pflanze Pulsatilla pratensis, auch bekannt als Küchenschelle oder Kuhschelle.
Pulse Pressure
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It is an important marker for vascular health and cardiovascular risk.
pumping breast milk
Pumping breast milk means extracting milk from the breast using a pump or by hand. It allows mothers to store milk and feed their baby at a later time.
Pumpkin seed protein
Pumpkin seed protein is a plant-based protein powder derived from ground pumpkin seeds. It provides essential amino acids and is well suited for a vegan diet.
Pumpkin Seeds
Pumpkin seeds are rich in zinc, essential fatty acids and plant sterols. Discover their benefits for prostate health, immunity and inflammation control.
Purulent Tonsillitis
Purulent tonsillitis is a bacterial infection of the palatine tonsils causing pus formation, severe sore throat, high fever, and difficulty swallowing. Medical treatment is essential.
Purulent Tonsils
Purulent tonsils are a sign of bacterial tonsillitis. They are characterized by severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and white or yellow pus patches on the tonsils.
Pycnogenol
Pycnogenol is a plant extract from French maritime pine bark, known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vascular-protective properties. Learn about its evidence-based uses.
Pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis)
Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys that is associated with high fever and pain in the back.
Pyelonephritis Symptoms
Pyelonephritis (kidney pelvis inflammation) causes symptoms such as flank pain, high fever, and chills. Learn about the key signs and when to seek medical attention.
Pyloric stenosis
Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the stomach outlet that prevents food from passing into the small intestine. It most commonly affects infants and causes forceful vomiting.
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, inflammatory skin condition that causes painful ulcers. It belongs to the neutrophilic dermatoses and is frequently associated with underlying systemic diseases.
Pyramidal tract signs
Pyramidal tract signs are neurological reflex findings indicating damage to the central nervous system. They help clinicians identify lesions of the corticospinal tract early.
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine is a form of Vitamin B6, a water-soluble vitamin essential for amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune function.
Pyroptosis
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death driven by intense inflammation, playing a key role in immune defense against infections and in autoimmune conditions.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PA)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural plant toxins produced by species such as ragwort (Senecio), borage, or comfrey.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a key metabolic enzyme that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle and mitochondrial energy production.
Die neusten Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryMycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by mold fungi that can contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals worldwide.
Phthalates
Phthalates are synthetic chemical compounds widely used as plasticizers in plastics. They are considered endocrine disruptors and may pose risks to human health, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Zearalenone
Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds on grain crops. It can disrupt the hormonal system in humans and animals.
Die meistgelesenen Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryMagnesiumcarbonat
Magnesiumcarbonat ist eine anorganische Magnesiumverbindung mit säure-neutralisierender (antazidischer) Wirkung. Erfahre mehr über Vorteile, Einsatzgebiete und Unterschiede zu besser resorbierbaren Magnesiumformen.
Calorie content
The choice of food influences our energy intake. The calorie content varies greatly - some provide little energy, others a lot.
Cologne list
The Cologne List ® is an important initiative in competitive sports that offers athletes guidance in the selection of nutritional supplements.