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PMS Symptoms: Causes, Signs and Treatment

PMS symptoms occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and include physical and emotional complaints. Learn about causes, signs, and treatment options.

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Things worth knowing about "PMS Symptoms"

PMS symptoms occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and include physical and emotional complaints. Learn about causes, signs, and treatment options.

What Are PMS Symptoms?

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to a wide range of physical and emotional symptoms that regularly occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle – typically 1 to 2 weeks before menstruation begins. Symptoms usually resolve shortly after the period starts. PMS affects an estimated 20 to 40 percent of women of reproductive age to varying degrees.

Causes of PMS Symptoms

The exact causes of PMS are not yet fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute:

Hormonal fluctuations: Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels after ovulation are considered the primary trigger.
Serotonin imbalance: Low serotonin levels in the brain can contribute to mood swings and depressive episodes.
Genetic predisposition: PMS tends to run in families.
Nutritional deficiencies: Low levels of magnesium, vitamin B6, or calcium may worsen symptoms.
Stress and lifestyle factors: Poor sleep, high stress, and an unhealthy diet can all intensify PMS symptoms.

Symptoms of PMS

Physical Symptoms

Breast tenderness and swelling
Bloating and water retention
Headaches or migraines
Back pain and abdominal cramps
Fatigue and exhaustion
Acne or skin changes
Food cravings, especially for sweets or salty foods
Weight gain due to fluid retention

Emotional and Psychological Symptoms

Mood swings and irritability
Anxiety and inner restlessness
Low mood and sadness
Difficulty concentrating
Crying spells or heightened emotional sensitivity
Sleep disturbances
Social withdrawal

Severe Form: PMDD

In some women, symptoms are severe enough to significantly disrupt daily life. This condition is known as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which is classified as a distinct psychiatric condition and requires specialized treatment.

Diagnosis

A confirmed PMS diagnosis is primarily based on symptom tracking over at least two menstrual cycles. A healthcare provider may recommend keeping a symptom diary to identify the timing and pattern of complaints. Other conditions that may cause similar symptoms – such as thyroid disorders or clinical depression – should be ruled out.

Treatment of PMS Symptoms

Lifestyle Changes and General Measures

Regular physical exercise (e.g., cardio workouts, yoga)
A balanced diet low in salt, sugar, and caffeine
Adequate sleep and stress management
Relaxation techniques such as meditation or breathing exercises

Supplements

Magnesium: May help reduce cramps, headaches, and mood-related symptoms.
Vitamin B6: Supports serotonin synthesis and may improve emotional symptoms.
Calcium: Studies suggest adequate calcium intake reduces PMS symptom severity.
Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus): A herbal remedy that may help balance hormonal fluctuations.

Medical Treatment

Pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen, paracetamol) for headaches and cramps.
Hormonal contraceptives can stabilize the cycle and reduce PMS complaints.
Antidepressants (SSRIs) are used in cases of severe PMS or PMDD.
Diuretics may help in cases of significant water retention.

When to See a Doctor

If PMS symptoms significantly interfere with daily life, work, or social relationships, medical advice should be sought. It is also advisable to consult a healthcare provider if symptoms are particularly severe or worsen over time.

References

World Health Organization (WHO) – Reproductive Health and Research. Menstrual Health. Available at: https://www.who.int
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) – Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Practice Bulletin, 2023.
Rapkin AJ, Akopians AL. Pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Menopause International. 2012;18(2):52–59.

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