Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PA) – Sources & Health Risks
Learn about pyrrolizidine alkaloids: natural plant toxins, their health risks, and occurrence in foods such as teas and honey.
Things worth knowing about "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PA)"
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural plant toxins produced by species such as ragwort (Senecio), borage, or comfrey.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids act as a defense mechanism for plants but may enter the human food chain through herbal teas, honey, cereals, or leafy greens.
PAs are hazardous because they are metabolized in the liver to form toxic compounds. Acute exposure can lead to liver damage, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, or jaundice. Chronic low-level exposure is even more concerning, as PAs are classified as carcinogenic and genotoxic.
To minimize health risks, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends keeping PA intake as low as possible. The European Union has set strict maximum levels for PAs in food, particularly in teas and dietary supplements. Consumers can reduce their risk by choosing quality-controlled products and avoiding wild herbs unless properly identified.
Key Facts about Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- Natural plant toxins found in ragwort, borage, and comfrey
- Cause liver damage, cancer, and genotoxic effects
- Strict EU maximum levels, safer with tested products
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