Cefuroxime: Antibiotic – Uses & Effects
Cefuroxime is a broad-spectrum second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
Things worth knowing about "Cefuroxime"
Cefuroxime is a broad-spectrum second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
What is Cefuroxime?
Cefuroxime is an antibiotic belonging to the second generation of cephalosporins. It is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is used to treat various bacterial infections. Cefuroxime is available as an oral tablet (as cefuroxime axetil, a prodrug that is converted to cefuroxime in the body) and as an injection or infusion solution for hospital use.
Indications
Cefuroxime is prescribed for the following conditions:
- Upper and lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, tonsillitis)
- Urinary tract infections (e.g., cystitis, pyelonephritis)
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Acute otitis media (middle ear infection)
- Early Lyme disease
- Bone and joint infections
- Surgical prophylaxis
Mechanism of Action
Cefuroxime works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are enzymes responsible for building and maintaining the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls. By blocking these enzymes, cefuroxime weakens the cell wall, leading to bacterial cell death. This mechanism makes cefuroxime bactericidal, meaning it actively kills bacteria rather than simply inhibiting their growth.
Dosage and Administration
The dosage of cefuroxime depends on the type and severity of infection, the age and weight of the patient, and kidney function.
- Oral tablets: Adults are typically prescribed 250–500 mg twice daily. For Lyme disease, 500 mg twice daily for 14–21 days is commonly recommended.
- Injections/infusions: For severe infections, 750 mg to 1.5 g is administered every 6–8 hours intramuscularly or intravenously.
- Children: Dosage is weight-based, typically 20–30 mg/kg/day divided into two doses.
Tablets should be taken with or after food, as food significantly improves the absorption of cefuroxime axetil.
Side Effects
Like all antibiotics, cefuroxime can cause side effects. Common side effects include:
- Gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Changes in blood count or liver enzyme levels
Rare but serious side effects include:
- Allergic reactions (rash, urticaria, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis)
- Pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridioides difficile overgrowth
- Seizures at very high doses or in patients with severely impaired kidney function
Patients with a known penicillin allergy should inform their doctor before taking cefuroxime, as cross-reactivity with cephalosporins, while uncommon, is possible.
Contraindications
- Known hypersensitivity to cefuroxime or other cephalosporins
- Severe renal impairment requires dose adjustment
- Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding only after careful benefit-risk assessment by a physician
Antibiotic Resistance and Responsible Use
Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern. Cefuroxime should only be used as prescribed by a physician and, where possible, guided by culture and sensitivity testing. The full prescribed course must be completed even if symptoms improve early, in order to prevent the development of resistant bacterial strains.
References
- Brunton L. L. et al. - Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA) - Product information for cefuroxime-containing medicinal products. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu
- World Health Organization (WHO) - WHO Model Formulary: Cephalosporins. Available at: https://www.who.int
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