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Axillary Temperature – Measuring Fever in the Armpit

Axillary temperature is the body temperature measured in the armpit. It is a widely used, non-invasive method for basic fever monitoring in both adults and children.

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Things worth knowing about "Axillary Temperature"

Axillary temperature is the body temperature measured in the armpit. It is a widely used, non-invasive method for basic fever monitoring in both adults and children.

What Is Axillary Temperature?

Axillary temperature refers to the body temperature measured in the armpit (medically known as the axilla). It is one of the most commonly used methods for temperature measurement in everyday life and basic healthcare settings. The measurement is typically performed using a digital thermometer, which is held firmly under a closed arm for several minutes.

Normal Values and Classification

In healthy adults, the normal axillary temperature range is between 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) and 37.4 °C (99.3 °F). Because the armpit is not fully enclosed by the body, the temperature recorded there is generally 0.3 to 0.5 °C lower than the core body temperature measured rectally. The following general guidelines apply:

Normal temperature: 36.0 – 37.4 °C (axillary)
Slightly elevated temperature: 37.5 – 37.9 °C
Fever: 38.0 °C and above
High fever: 39.0 °C and above

How to Measure Axillary Temperature

To ensure an accurate and reliable axillary temperature reading, the following steps should be followed:

The armpit should be dry and clean, as perspiration can affect the result.
Place the thermometer tip in the center of the armpit.
Press the arm firmly against the body to close the armpit around the thermometer.
Measurement time typically ranges from 1 to 5 minutes depending on the device.
Avoid physical activity or a hot bath shortly before measuring, as these can influence the reading.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

Easy and safe to perform, including for children
Non-invasive and painless
Suitable for home use

Disadvantages

Less accurate than rectal or tympanic (ear) measurement
Can be affected by ambient temperature, sweating, or incorrect thermometer placement
Not recommended as the sole method in newborns or critically ill patients

Comparison with Other Measurement Methods

Several other methods are available for measuring body temperature:

Rectal measurement: Considered the most accurate method and best reflects core body temperature. Especially recommended for infants and young children.
Tympanic measurement (ear): Fast and convenient, but prone to errors if technique is incorrect.
Oral measurement (mouth): Widely used, but can be influenced by food or drinks consumed shortly before measurement.
Forehead measurement: Very quick, but least precise of all methods.

Clinical Relevance

Measuring axillary temperature plays an important role in the early detection of fever, which can indicate infections, inflammation, or other medical conditions. Although the method is less commonly used as a reference standard in clinical settings due to its lower accuracy, it is well suited for initial assessment at home. If elevated temperatures persist or fever exceeds 39 °C, medical advice should be sought promptly.

References

World Health Organization (WHO): Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, WHO Press, Geneva, 2014.
Kasper DL et al.: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th edition, McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
Pschyrembel Clinical Dictionary, 268th edition, De Gruyter, Berlin, 2020.

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