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E142 – Green S: Food Colouring Explained

E142 (Green S) is a synthetic green food colouring approved in the EU and used in various processed foods. It belongs to the triarylmethane dye group and may cause adverse reactions in sensitive individuals.

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Things worth knowing about "E142"

E142 (Green S) is a synthetic green food colouring approved in the EU and used in various processed foods. It belongs to the triarylmethane dye group and may cause adverse reactions in sensitive individuals.

What is E142?

E142, also known as Green S or Brilliant Acid Green BS, is a synthetic food colouring that gives foods a bright green hue. It belongs to the triarylmethane class of dyes and is approved as a food additive in the European Union. The E-number system is used to uniquely identify food additives under EU regulations.

Uses and Occurrence

E142 is used in a variety of processed foods to achieve or enhance a green colour. Common applications include:

Confectionery and sweets
Ice cream and frozen desserts
Canned green peas
Flavoured beverages
Desserts and puddings
Baked goods and decorations

The maximum permitted levels in food products are regulated by EU Food Additives Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, typically ranging from 50 to 200 mg/kg depending on the food category.

Mechanism of Action and Chemical Properties

E142 is a water-soluble dye that absorbs light in the red wavelength range and reflects green light, producing its characteristic colour. It is heat-stable and light-stable, making it well-suited for industrial food processing. Its chemical stability ensures that the green colour is maintained throughout manufacturing, storage, and cooking processes.

Safety and Health Assessment

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated E142 and concluded that it is safe for use within approved limits. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) has been established. However, certain health aspects should be considered:

Possible Intolerances and Adverse Reactions

Individuals with aspirin intolerance or salicylate sensitivity may react to E142.
People with known food dye allergies may experience reactions such as skin rash, itching, or respiratory symptoms.
A potential link to hyperactivity in children has been discussed, although E142 is not among the six dyes investigated in the Southampton study that require a warning label in the EU.

Labelling Requirements

Foods containing E142 must declare this additive in the ingredient list using either its E-number or its name (Green S). Unlike the Southampton dyes, E142 does not require a specific hyperactivity warning on the label.

Regulatory Status

E142 is approved for use in the European Union. However, it is not permitted as a food additive in several other countries, including the United States, Canada, and Australia, reflecting differing safety assessments and regulatory standards. It is also not approved in Japan.

Recommendations for Sensitive Groups

Individuals with known food dye allergies, children with attention or hyperactivity disorders, and people with aspirin or salicylate intolerance should consider avoiding foods containing E142. Parents are advised to carefully read ingredient labels on confectionery and brightly coloured food products.

References

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Green S (E 142) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2015;13(6):4154. Available at: https://www.efsa.europa.eu
European Parliament and Council of the EU: Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. Official Journal of the European Union, 2008.
World Health Organization (WHO) / FAO: Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Food Additives Series. Available at: https://www.who.int

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