E308 – Synthetic Gamma-Tocopherol Explained
E308 is a synthetically produced antioxidant (gamma-tocopherol) used in the food industry to protect fats and oils from oxidation and extend shelf life.
Things worth knowing about "E308"
E308 is a synthetically produced antioxidant (gamma-tocopherol) used in the food industry to protect fats and oils from oxidation and extend shelf life.
What is E308?
E308 is the EU food additive number for synthetic gamma-tocopherol, a chemically manufactured form of the vitamin E derivative gamma-tocopherol. It belongs to the tocopherol group (E306–E309) and is used as an antioxidant in food processing. Unlike naturally occurring gamma-tocopherol, E308 is produced through industrial synthesis.
Function and Mechanism of Action
E308 acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and slowing down the oxidation of fats and oils. This mechanism prevents rancidity in fat-containing foods and extends their shelf life. Tocopherols are fat-soluble and are therefore particularly effective in oil- and fat-based products.
Use in Food Products
E308 is used in a wide range of food products, including:
- Vegetable oils and fats
- Margarine and spreads
- Baked goods and pastries
- Nuts and dried fruits
- Baby food and infant formula (under strict limits)
- Dietary supplements
Permitted maximum levels are regulated by EU Regulation No. 1333/2008 on food additives.
Safety and Tolerability
E308 is considered safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) when used within approved quantities. Tocopherols are generally well tolerated by the human body, as gamma-tocopherol also occurs naturally in foods such as nuts, vegetable oils, and seeds. However, excessively high doses from dietary supplements may interfere with blood clotting. The amounts used in food production are well below problematic threshold levels.
Difference Between E308 and Natural Gamma-Tocopherol
Natural gamma-tocopherol is found in vegetable oils (e.g., corn oil, soybean oil), nuts, and seeds, and is classified under E306 (tocopherol-rich extracts). E308, by contrast, refers to the purely synthetic version. Both are chemically identical in structure but differ in their manufacturing process. In food labeling, E308 must be declared as such on the ingredients list.
Labeling and Regulation
In the European Union, E308 is listed as an approved food additive. Manufacturers are required to declare the additive either by its E number (E308) or by the name Synthetic Gamma-Tocopherol on the ingredients list. Its use is governed by EU Regulation 1333/2008 and the guidelines issued by EFSA.
References
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Re-evaluation of tocopherols (E 306, E 307, E 308, E 309) as food additives. EFSA Journal, 2015.
- European Union: Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives.
- Traber, M.G. & Atkinson, J.: Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2007.
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