Liver Function Test – Values, Procedure & Meaning
A liver function test is a blood test used to assess the health and functioning of the liver. It measures key enzymes, proteins, and substances in the blood.
Things worth knowing about "Liver Function Test"
A liver function test is a blood test used to assess the health and functioning of the liver. It measures key enzymes, proteins, and substances in the blood.
What Is a Liver Function Test?
A liver function test (LFT) is a panel of blood tests used to evaluate the health and functioning of the liver. The liver is one of the body´s most vital organs, responsible for detoxifying the blood, producing essential proteins, metabolizing nutrients, and secreting bile. Liver function tests can detect inflammation, damage, or disease affecting the liver and are an important diagnostic tool in routine medical care.
What Is Measured?
A standard liver function test typically includes the following markers:
- ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase): An enzyme found primarily in the liver. Elevated levels suggest liver cell damage.
- AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase): An enzyme present in the liver, heart muscle, and other tissues. Elevated levels may indicate liver disease or cardiac conditions.
- GGT (Gamma-Glutamyltransferase): Elevated levels may point to liver disease, excessive alcohol consumption, or certain medications.
- ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase): Raised levels can indicate bile duct problems or bone disorders.
- Bilirubin: A breakdown product of red blood cells. High bilirubin levels cause jaundice and can signal liver or bile duct problems.
- Albumin: A protein produced by the liver. Low levels may suggest reduced liver function.
- Prothrombin Time (PT) / INR: Measures how long blood takes to clot. Since clotting factors are made in the liver, a prolonged time can indicate impaired liver function.
When Is a Liver Function Test Ordered?
A doctor may request a liver function test for a variety of reasons:
- Suspected liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver disease)
- Monitoring of known liver conditions
- Monitoring medications that may affect the liver (e.g., certain antibiotics, pain relievers, or statins)
- Routine screening in individuals with risk factors (e.g., heavy alcohol use, obesity, diabetes)
- Before and after surgical procedures
- Evaluation of symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, nausea, or abdominal pain
How Is the Test Performed?
A liver function test requires only a simple blood draw, typically from a vein in the arm. It is generally recommended to fast for several hours before the test, as food intake can affect certain values. The blood sample is then analyzed in a laboratory.
How Are the Results Interpreted?
Results of a liver function test are always interpreted in the context of the patient´s symptoms, medical history, and other findings. Mildly abnormal values do not necessarily indicate serious disease. A physician will assess all values together and may recommend further investigations such as a liver ultrasound or a liver biopsy if indicated.
What Can Affect Liver Test Results?
Several factors can temporarily alter liver values without indicating a serious condition:
- Alcohol consumption
- Certain medications and dietary supplements
- Intense physical exercise shortly before the blood draw
- Obesity and poor diet
- Pregnancy
References
- World Health Organization (WHO): Hepatitis and Liver Disease Guidelines. www.who.int
- Kasper DL et al. - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
- Pratt DS, Kaplan MM - Evaluation of Abnormal Liver-Enzyme Results in Asymptomatic Patients. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000; 342(17):1266-1271.
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