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Uric Acid – Levels, Causes & Treatment

Uric acid is a metabolic waste product formed during the breakdown of purines. Elevated levels can lead to gout and kidney stones.

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Uric acid is a metabolic waste product formed during the breakdown of purines. Elevated levels can lead to gout and kidney stones.

What is Uric Acid?

Uric acid is a natural metabolic end product formed in the body during the breakdown of purines -- nitrogen-containing compounds found in many foods and produced naturally by the body. The majority of uric acid is excreted by the kidneys through urine, while a smaller portion is eliminated via the intestines.

In the bloodstream, uric acid exists predominantly as monosodium urate. When uric acid concentrations in the blood remain persistently elevated, this condition is called hyperuricemia. This can lead to the deposition of urate crystals in joints and tissues, potentially triggering clinical conditions such as gout.

Causes of Elevated Uric Acid Levels

Elevated uric acid levels (hyperuricemia) can result from multiple factors:

High purine intake through foods such as organ meats, red meat, seafood, and yeast
Reduced renal excretion, for example due to chronic kidney disease
Increased purine breakdown in conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, or following chemotherapy
Genetic factors, such as enzyme deficiencies (e.g., Lesch-Nyhan syndrome)
Medications including diuretics, low-dose aspirin, or cyclosporine
Alcohol consumption, particularly beer, which inhibits uric acid excretion
Metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or obesity

Symptoms and Associated Conditions

Mildly elevated uric acid levels often cause no symptoms. However, persistently high levels may lead to the following conditions:

Gout (Gouty Arthritis)

Gout is the most common consequence of chronic hyperuricemia. Urate crystals deposit in joints, triggering sudden, intensely painful inflammatory attacks known as gout attacks. The joint at the base of the big toe is most frequently affected. In advanced stages, deposits of crystals called tophi may form under the skin.

Kidney Stones

Uric acid can crystallize in acidic urine, forming kidney stones. These may cause renal colic, blood in the urine, and urinary tract infections.

Kidney Damage

Prolonged hyperuricemia can permanently impair kidney function, a condition known as urate nephropathy.

Cardiovascular Risks

Emerging evidence suggests that elevated uric acid levels may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, although the causal relationship is still under investigation.

Diagnosis

Uric acid levels are measured through a routine blood test (serum uric acid). Reference ranges may vary slightly between laboratories, but typical values are:

Men: 3.4 – 7.0 mg/dL (200 – 420 µmol/L)
Women: 2.4 – 6.0 mg/dL (140 – 360 µmol/L)

Values above these thresholds indicate hyperuricemia. A 24-hour urine test may also be performed to distinguish between overproduction and underexcretion of uric acid.

Treatment and Prevention

Dietary Measures

Dietary adjustments can effectively help lower uric acid levels:

Reducing intake of purine-rich foods (organ meats, red meat, shellfish)
Avoiding alcohol, especially beer and spirits
Staying well hydrated (at least 2 liters of water per day)
Increasing consumption of vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and whole grains
Achieving or maintaining a healthy body weight

Pharmacological Treatment

In cases of clinically significant hyperuricemia or gout, the following medications may be used:

Allopurinol: Inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase, reducing uric acid production. It is the most commonly prescribed urate-lowering therapy.
Febuxostat: Also a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, used when allopurinol is not tolerated.
Uricosuric agents (e.g., benzbromarone, probenecid): Promote the renal excretion of uric acid.
Colchicine, NSAIDs, or corticosteroids: Used to manage acute gout attacks by reducing inflammation and pain.

References

Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E et al. - 2016 updated EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of gout. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2017;76(1):29–42.
Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK - Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2011;63(10):3136–3141.
World Health Organization (WHO) - Global report on diabetes. WHO Press, Geneva, 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int

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