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Vaginal Yeast Infection – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

A vaginal yeast infection is a common fungal infection of the vagina, usually caused by Candida albicans. Key symptoms include intense itching, burning, and a thick white discharge.

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Things worth knowing about "Vaginal Yeast Infection"

A vaginal yeast infection is a common fungal infection of the vagina, usually caused by Candida albicans. Key symptoms include intense itching, burning, and a thick white discharge.

What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?

A vaginal yeast infection (medically known as vulvovaginal candidiasis or vaginal candidiasis) is a fungal infection of the vagina and often the surrounding vulvar area. It is one of the most common gynecological conditions worldwide: approximately 75% of women will experience at least one vaginal yeast infection in their lifetime. The infection is most commonly caused by the yeast Candida albicans, though other Candida species can occasionally be responsible.

Causes and Risk Factors

Candida fungi are naturally present on the skin and mucous membranes in small amounts and do not normally cause symptoms. A yeast infection occurs when the natural balance of the vaginal microbiome is disrupted, allowing the fungus to overgrow. Common causes and risk factors include:

Antibiotic use: Antibiotics can destroy the protective lactobacilli bacteria in the vagina, allowing yeast to thrive.
Weakened immune system: Conditions such as diabetes mellitus, HIV, or chronic stress can reduce the body's ability to keep Candida in check.
Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, menopause, or the use of hormonal contraceptives can alter vaginal pH and flora.
Tight or synthetic underwear: Creates a warm, moist environment that promotes fungal growth.
Excessive intimate hygiene: Overuse of soaps, douches, or intimate sprays can disrupt the natural vaginal flora.
Sexual contact: While not classified as a classic sexually transmitted infection, yeast can be transmitted between partners.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection are typically distinctive and recognizable:

Intense itching and burning in the vaginal area and vulva
Thick, white, cottage-cheese-like discharge that is generally odorless
Redness and swelling of the vagina and surrounding genital area
Pain or discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse

Not all women experience every symptom. If symptoms are recurring or unclear, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis.

Diagnosis

A vaginal yeast infection is typically diagnosed by a gynecologist through the following steps:

Medical history: Discussion of symptoms, medications, and any underlying health conditions
Pelvic examination: Visual assessment of discharge, redness, and swelling
Vaginal swab and microscopy: A swab is taken from the vagina to identify the fungal organism and confirm the diagnosis
pH testing: Vaginal pH is usually normal (below 4.5) in yeast infections, which helps distinguish them from bacterial infections

Treatment

Vaginal yeast infections are highly treatable in most cases. Treatment relies on antifungal medications that eliminate the fungus:

Topical (Local) Treatment

Antifungal vaginal suppositories, creams, or tablets containing active ingredients such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or econazole are applied directly inside the vagina. Many of these products are available over the counter at pharmacies and typically relieve symptoms within a few days.

Oral (Systemic) Treatment

For more severe or recurrent infections, a doctor may prescribe an oral antifungal medication such as fluconazole. Women who experience frequent recurrences (more than four episodes per year) may benefit from a longer-term suppressive therapy plan under medical supervision.

Prevention Tips

Wear breathable, cotton underwear to reduce moisture
Clean the vaginal area with plain water only -- avoid soaps and douches
Wipe from front to back after using the toilet
Limit excessive sugar intake, as high blood sugar levels can promote yeast growth
Consider using probiotic supplements containing lactobacilli when taking antibiotics

References

Sobel JD: Vulvovaginal candidosis. The Lancet, 2007; 369(9577): 1961-1971.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Vaginal Candidiasis. Available at: www.cdc.gov
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH et al.: Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187.

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