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Vaginal Yeast Infection – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
A vaginal yeast infection is a common fungal infection of the vagina, usually caused by Candida albicans. Key symptoms include intense itching, burning, and a thick white discharge.
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A vaginal yeast infection is a common fungal infection of the vagina, usually caused by Candida albicans. Key symptoms include intense itching, burning, and a thick white discharge.
What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?
A vaginal yeast infection (medically known as vulvovaginal candidiasis or vaginal candidiasis) is a fungal infection of the vagina and often the surrounding vulvar area. It is one of the most common gynecological conditions worldwide: approximately 75% of women will experience at least one vaginal yeast infection in their lifetime. The infection is most commonly caused by the yeast Candida albicans, though other Candida species can occasionally be responsible.
Causes and Risk Factors
Candida fungi are naturally present on the skin and mucous membranes in small amounts and do not normally cause symptoms. A yeast infection occurs when the natural balance of the vaginal microbiome is disrupted, allowing the fungus to overgrow. Common causes and risk factors include:
- Antibiotic use: Antibiotics can destroy the protective lactobacilli bacteria in the vagina, allowing yeast to thrive.
- Weakened immune system: Conditions such as diabetes mellitus, HIV, or chronic stress can reduce the body's ability to keep Candida in check.
- Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, menopause, or the use of hormonal contraceptives can alter vaginal pH and flora.
- Tight or synthetic underwear: Creates a warm, moist environment that promotes fungal growth.
- Excessive intimate hygiene: Overuse of soaps, douches, or intimate sprays can disrupt the natural vaginal flora.
- Sexual contact: While not classified as a classic sexually transmitted infection, yeast can be transmitted between partners.
Symptoms
The symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection are typically distinctive and recognizable:
- Intense itching and burning in the vaginal area and vulva
- Thick, white, cottage-cheese-like discharge that is generally odorless
- Redness and swelling of the vagina and surrounding genital area
- Pain or discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse
Not all women experience every symptom. If symptoms are recurring or unclear, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis.
Diagnosis
A vaginal yeast infection is typically diagnosed by a gynecologist through the following steps:
- Medical history: Discussion of symptoms, medications, and any underlying health conditions
- Pelvic examination: Visual assessment of discharge, redness, and swelling
- Vaginal swab and microscopy: A swab is taken from the vagina to identify the fungal organism and confirm the diagnosis
- pH testing: Vaginal pH is usually normal (below 4.5) in yeast infections, which helps distinguish them from bacterial infections
Treatment
Vaginal yeast infections are highly treatable in most cases. Treatment relies on antifungal medications that eliminate the fungus:
Topical (Local) Treatment
Antifungal vaginal suppositories, creams, or tablets containing active ingredients such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or econazole are applied directly inside the vagina. Many of these products are available over the counter at pharmacies and typically relieve symptoms within a few days.
Oral (Systemic) Treatment
For more severe or recurrent infections, a doctor may prescribe an oral antifungal medication such as fluconazole. Women who experience frequent recurrences (more than four episodes per year) may benefit from a longer-term suppressive therapy plan under medical supervision.
Prevention Tips
- Wear breathable, cotton underwear to reduce moisture
- Clean the vaginal area with plain water only -- avoid soaps and douches
- Wipe from front to back after using the toilet
- Limit excessive sugar intake, as high blood sugar levels can promote yeast growth
- Consider using probiotic supplements containing lactobacilli when taking antibiotics
References
- Sobel JD: Vulvovaginal candidosis. The Lancet, 2007; 369(9577): 1961-1971.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Vaginal Candidiasis. Available at: www.cdc.gov
- Workowski KA, Bachmann LH et al.: Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187.
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