Occlusal Splint: Types, Uses & Benefits
An occlusal splint is a custom-made dental device worn over the teeth to protect tooth enamel, relieve jaw joint pain, and treat bruxism and TMJ disorders.
Things worth knowing about "Occlusal splint"
An occlusal splint is a custom-made dental device worn over the teeth to protect tooth enamel, relieve jaw joint pain, and treat bruxism and TMJ disorders.
What Is an Occlusal Splint?
An occlusal splint is a removable, custom-fitted oral appliance made from hard or soft acrylic resin that is placed over the upper or lower teeth. It is fabricated by a dental laboratory based on precise impressions of the patient's teeth and is one of the most commonly used devices in gnathology – the dental specialty concerned with the function and disorders of the masticatory system. Occlusal splints are designed to protect teeth, stabilize the bite, and relieve strain on the jaw joints and chewing muscles.
Indications and Uses
Occlusal splints are used for a range of dental and orofacial conditions:
- Bruxism (teeth grinding and clenching): The most common indication. Many people unconsciously grind or clench their teeth, especially during sleep. The splint acts as a protective barrier, preventing excessive tooth wear.
- Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD/TMJ disorders): Dysfunction in the jaw joint and surrounding muscles can cause facial pain, headaches, and restricted jaw movement. An occlusal splint helps stabilize the bite and reduce muscle tension.
- Jaw joint pain and inflammation: Splints can reduce the load on the temporomandibular joint and promote healing.
- Protection of dental restorations: After crowns, bridges, or implants are placed, a splint can protect these restorations from excessive bite forces.
- Sports protection: Specialized mouthguards, which are a type of occlusal splint, protect the teeth during contact sports.
Types of Occlusal Splints
Michigan Splint
The Michigan splint is the most widely used type of occlusal splint. It is typically made for the upper jaw and covers all teeth completely. Its smooth surface allows for even force distribution and promotes relaxation of the jaw muscles, making it particularly effective for bruxism and TMD therapy.
Soft Splint
Soft splints are made from flexible plastic materials. They are easier and less expensive to produce, but may actually increase clenching activity in some patients and are therefore less suitable for long-term bruxism treatment.
Repositioning Splint
This type of splint is used to guide the lower jaw into a different position, for example to reposition the articular disc within the temporomandibular joint and reduce pain.
Relaxation Splint
A relaxation splint primarily aims to reduce muscle tension in the jaw. It is frequently used in patients with muscle-related TMD complaints.
Fabrication and Fitting
The fabrication of a custom occlusal splint begins with dental impressions taken by the dentist. A plaster model is created in the dental laboratory, and the splint is individually crafted to fit the patient's teeth precisely. Once completed, the dentist inserts the splint and makes fine adjustments to ensure optimal bite alignment. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary to monitor the fit and effectiveness of the appliance over time.
Wearing Schedule and Care
Occlusal splints are most commonly worn at night, as bruxism and TMD symptoms frequently occur during sleep. In some cases, daytime use may also be recommended. Proper care includes:
- Daily cleaning with a soft toothbrush and cold water (hot water can warp the splint)
- Occasional soaking in a denture-cleaning solution or specialized splint-cleaning tablets
- Storing the splint in a protective case when not in use
- Regular dental check-ups to assess wear and fit
Side Effects and Risks
Occlusal splints are generally safe and well tolerated. Occasional side effects during the adjustment period may include:
- Increased saliva production initially
- Minor pressure sores on the gums or teeth if the fit is imperfect
- Temporary speech difficulties when first wearing the splint
- Incorrect adjustment may alter the bite or worsen symptoms, highlighting the importance of professional monitoring
Cost and Insurance Coverage
The cost of a custom occlusal splint depends on the type, material, and complexity of fabrication. In many countries, statutory health insurance may cover part or all of the cost if a clinical indication such as bruxism or TMD is documented. Private health insurance plans typically provide fuller reimbursement. Patients are advised to check with their insurance provider before starting treatment to confirm coverage.
References
- American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP): Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management of Orofacial Pain. Quintessence Publishing, 2018.
- Lobbezoo F. et al. - Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus statement. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 2013; 40(1): 2-4.
- Okeson JP: Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 8th ed. Elsevier, 2019.
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