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Tau vaccine - New hope in Alzheimer's therapy through immunomodulation
Tau vaccines are innovative therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease. They target pathologically altered tau proteins in order to slow down the progression of the disease. Find out more about the studies and mode of action.
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Tau vaccines are innovative therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease. They target pathologically altered tau proteins in order to slow down the progression of the disease. Find out more about the studies and mode of action.
The tau vaccine is a promising experimental therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.strong data-end=""248"" data-start=""202"">treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this vaccination is to specifically target the immune system against pathologically altered tau protein, which is considered a central feature of Alzheimer's dementia
.In Alzheimer's disease, there is excessive phosphorylation of the tau protein, resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) within the nerve cells. These deposits block axonal transport, lead to cell damage and promote cognitive decline. The amount and distribution of pathological tau often correlate more strongly with the severity of dementia than amyloid plaques.
Principle of action of the tau vaccine
A tau vaccine is designed to train the immune system so that it specifically produces antibodies against pathologically altered tau protein without attacking healthy, functional tau. Two strategies are currently being researched:
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Active immunisation: The body is stimulated by an antigen (e.g. tau peptide) to produce its own antibodies against tau.
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Passive immunisation: Prefabricated monoclonal antibodies against tau are administered.
The aim is to bind tau aggregates, prevent their spread in the brain and thus slow down neurodegenerative progression.
Current research and clinical studies
Multiple tau vaccines are currently in clinical trials (phase I and II). Examples are:
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AADvac1: An active vaccine based on a synthetic tau peptide; showed immunological efficacy and good tolerability in early studies.
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ACI-35.030: A liposomal vaccine against phosphorylated tau, currently in Phase Ib/IIa trials.
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Semorinemab & Gosuranemab: Monoclonal antibodies in passive immunisation, with mixed results to date.
While some approaches already show positive biomarker changes and cognitive stabilisation, clear evidence of clinically significant disease slowing is still lacking.
Importance for Alzheimer's therapy
Tau vaccines could represent an early, disease-modifying therapeutic approach in the future - particularly in the preclinical or mild phase of Alzheimer's dementia. Targeted tau immunotherapy thus complements amyloid-targeted strategies and pursues a multifactorial treatment approach.
Challenges
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Specificity: Healthy tau functions must not be affected
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Safety profile: Excessive immune responses must be avoided
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Time of application: Early diagnosis is crucial for successful therapy
Literature references:
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Novak, P. et al. (2017). "Safety and immunogenicity of the tau vaccine AADvac1 in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial."" Lancet Neurology.
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Congdon, E. E. & Sigurdsson, E. M. (2018). ""Tau-targeting therapies for Alzheimer's disease." Nature Reviews Neurology.
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Gauthier, S. et al. (2022). "Tau immunotherapy: from mechanisms to clinical trials." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.
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