Lyme Disease – Tick-Borne Bacterial Infection Explained

Lyme disease is an infectious disease transmitted by ticks that can lead to skin rashes, joint problems and neurological complaints.

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Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia, which is mainly transmitted by tick bites.

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, primarily of the genus Ixodes. The main causative agent is Borrelia burgdorferi, a spiral-shaped bacterium (spirochete). It is the most common tick-borne illness in North America and Europe, particularly active during the warmer months from May to October.

The most recognized early sign is erythema migrans, a circular skin rash that gradually expands from the site of the bite. If left untreated, the disease can spread to the joints, nervous system, and heart, leading to long-term complications such as arthritis, neurological symptoms, or cardiac inflammation. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, muscle pain, and nerve paralysis.

Diagnosis is made clinically and confirmed by antibody tests (ELISA and Western blot). Treatment typically includes a course of antibiotics, such as doxycycline. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and promptly removing ticks. Substances like lactoferrin are being researched for their anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects in bacterial infections, including experimental models of Lyme disease.

Health Aspects of Lyme Disease

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted via tick bites
Early symptoms include a distinctive bull’s-eye rash, fatigue, fever
Can lead to neurological and cardiac complications if untreated
Diagnosis is confirmed via serological testing and treated with antibiotics
Lactoferrin shows experimental promise for immune regulation in infections

Literature references:

Stanek, G. et al. (2012). Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17(1), 69–79.
Steere, A. C. et al. (2016). Lyme borreliosis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2(1), 16090.
Kruzel, M. L. et al. (2006). Lactoferrin protection against experimental Lyme disease in mice. Biometals, 19(5), 465–474.