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Acid Reflux – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and irritation. It is one of the most common digestive complaints and can develop into a chronic condition.

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Things worth knowing about "Acid Reflux"

Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and irritation. It is one of the most common digestive complaints and can develop into a chronic condition.

What is Acid Reflux?

Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid travels back up into the esophagus – the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. Under normal circumstances, a ring of muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) keeps stomach contents from flowing backward. When this muscle weakens or relaxes inappropriately, acid escapes into the esophagus and irritates its lining. Occasional acid reflux is very common and usually harmless. When it occurs regularly, it is diagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Causes

Several factors can contribute to acid reflux:

Weakened LES: The most common cause, allowing acid to escape into the esophagus.
Hiatal hernia: Part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest, impairing the sphincter.
Obesity: Excess abdominal pressure forces stomach contents upward.
Dietary triggers: Fatty foods, citrus fruits, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods.
Smoking: Weakens the LES and increases acid production.
Pregnancy: The growing uterus increases pressure on the stomach.
Certain medications: Including calcium channel blockers, aspirin, and some anti-inflammatory drugs.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of acid reflux include:

Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest, often after eating or when lying down.
Regurgitation: A sour or bitter-tasting fluid rising into the throat or mouth.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Chronic cough or hoarseness, especially in the morning
Bloating and nausea after meals
Chest pain (must be distinguished from cardiac causes)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is often based on reported symptoms. For persistent or severe cases, further tests may be recommended:

Endoscopy (gastroscopy): Visual examination of the esophageal lining for inflammation or damage.
24-hour pH monitoring: Measures acid levels in the esophagus over a full day.
Esophageal manometry: Assesses pressure and function of the LES.
Barium swallow X-ray: Used to detect structural abnormalities in the digestive tract.

Treatment

Lifestyle Modifications

Symptoms can often be significantly reduced through behavioral changes:

Eat smaller, more frequent meals and chew slowly
Avoid trigger foods (fatty meals, alcohol, caffeine)
Maintain a healthy body weight
Elevate the head of the bed when sleeping
Avoid lying down within 2–3 hours of eating
Quit smoking

Medications

Antacids: Provide quick relief by neutralizing stomach acid (e.g., calcium carbonate).
H2 blockers: Reduce acid production (e.g., famotidine, ranitidine).
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): The most effective medical treatment; they suppress acid production long-term (e.g., omeprazole, pantoprazole).

Surgical Treatment

In severe or treatment-resistant cases, surgery may be considered. The most common procedure is fundoplication, in which the upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the LES to strengthen it and prevent reflux.

Potential Complications

If left untreated, chronic acid reflux can lead to serious conditions:

Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining
Stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scar tissue
Barrett's esophagus: Abnormal cell changes in the esophageal lining, considered a precursor to esophageal cancer

References

Vakil N. et al. – The Montreal Definition and Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2006; 101(8): 1900–1920.
Katz P.O. et al. – Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022; 117(1): 27–56.
World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) – GERD: Global Perspective on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. WGO Global Guidelines, 2015.

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