Dendritic Cell – Function & Significance
Dendritic cells are specialised immune cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, playing a central role in activating T-lymphocytes.
Things worth knowing about "Dendritic cell"
Dendritic cells are specialised immune cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, playing a central role in activating T-lymphocytes.
What are dendritic cells?
Dendritic cells are specialised cells of the immune system and belong to the group of so-called antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They take their name from their characteristic, finger-like projections – called dendrites – which resemble the branching extensions of nerve cells. They were discovered in the 1970s by immunologist Ralph Steinman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011 for this discovery.
Dendritic cells are found in virtually all tissues of the body, particularly in the skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and gut – in other words, wherever the body comes into contact with the outside world. They act as sentinels of the immune system and are capable of detecting pathogens, tumour cells, and other foreign structures at an early stage.
Function and Mechanism of Action
The primary role of dendritic cells is antigen presentation: they take up foreign substances (known as antigens) from their environment, process them, and present the resulting fragments on their surface. This is accomplished with the help of specialised molecules known as MHC molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex).
- Maturation and migration: After taking up antigens, dendritic cells mature and migrate to the nearest lymph nodes.
- T-cell activation: There, they present the processed antigens to T-lymphocytes and activate them, triggering a targeted immune response.
- Tolerance induction: Dendritic cells also play an important role in immunological tolerance, ensuring that the immune system does not attack the body's own structures.
Types of Dendritic Cells
There are several subgroups of dendritic cells that differ in their origin, location, and function:
- Myeloid (classical) dendritic cells: The most common form, specialised in antigen presentation via MHC class II molecules to T-helper cells.
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: Produce large amounts of interferon-alpha and are particularly important in the defence against viral infections.
- Langerhans cells: Specialised dendritic cells of the skin that act as a first barrier against skin infections and allergens.
- Follicular dendritic cells: Found in lymphoid follicles and involved in the maturation of B-cells and antibody production.
Clinical Significance
Dendritic cells are of major medical relevance, as they are involved in numerous disease processes:
Autoimmune Diseases
Impaired dendritic cell function can contribute to autoimmunity, in which the immune system attacks the body's own structures. Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes have been linked to dysfunction of these cells.
Allergies
In allergic reactions, dendritic cells play a key role in sensitising the immune system to harmless substances (allergens) and triggering hypersensitivity reactions.
Tumour Immunology
Dendritic cells are capable of recognising tumour antigens and activating the immune system against cancer cells. This has led to the development of dendritic cell vaccines used in cancer immunotherapy. A well-known example is the drug sipuleucel-T, which is approved for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Infectious Diseases
In defending against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, dendritic cells are crucial for coordinating an effective immune response. Some pathogens, such as HIV, have developed strategies to subvert dendritic cells and suppress the immune response.
Dendritic Cells in Future Medicine
Research into dendritic cells opens up promising avenues in modern medicine. In addition to cancer immunotherapy, dendritic cells are being investigated in the field of transplantation medicine to prevent organ rejection. The development of new vaccines also benefits from a better understanding of these cells, as targeted antigens can be coupled to dendritic cells to trigger strong immune responses.
References
- Steinman, R. M. & Cohn, Z. A. (1973): Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 137(5), 1142–1162.
- Banchereau, J. & Steinman, R. M. (1998): Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature, 392(6673), 245–252.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Innate Immunity and Vaccine Development – Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) reports. Available at: https://www.who.int
Building Blocks for a Healthy Life
As an integrated manufacturer, we develop & produce evidence-based, patented, and non-patented formulations. We work exclusively with plant and natural extracts according to the strictest purity & quality standards.
The combination of science & modern technology with the laws of nature creates solutions consistently tailored to humans – for the highest good: health.
Verwandte Produkte
For Healthy Oral Flora & Dental Care
Formulated lozenges with Dentalac®, lactic acid bacteria, and Lactoferrin CLN®
For your universal protection
As one of the most valuable proteins in the body, lactoferrin is a natural component of the immune system.
For your iron balance
Specially formulated for your iron balance with plant-based curry leaf iron, Lactoferrin CLN®, and natural Vitamin C from rose hips.