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Lacto-N-Tetraose (LNT) – Human Milk Oligosaccharide

Lacto-N-Tetraose (LNT) is a naturally occurring human milk oligosaccharide that promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and supports the immune development of infants.

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Things worth knowing about "Lacto-N-Tetraose"

Lacto-N-Tetraose (LNT) is a naturally occurring human milk oligosaccharide that promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and supports the immune development of infants.

What is Lacto-N-Tetraose?

Lacto-N-Tetraose (LNT) is a complex carbohydrate belonging to the group of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs). It is one of the most abundant oligosaccharides found in human breast milk and plays a critical role in the development of the infant gut and immune system. Structurally, LNT consists of a chain of four sugar units: a lactose core extended by N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.

Biological Functions

Lacto-N-Tetraose fulfills several important roles in the human body, particularly in newborns and infants:

Prebiotic effect: LNT serves as a nutrient source for beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, selectively promoting the growth of these protective microorganisms in the infant gut.
Immune modulation: LNT interacts with immune cells of the gut lining and contributes to the maturation of the innate immune system.
Protection against pathogens: Acting as a so-called decoy receptor, LNT can inhibit the attachment of pathogens such as certain bacteria and viruses to the intestinal mucosa by binding to them and diverting them away from the mucosal surface.
Support of the gut barrier: LNT helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal lining, contributing to a healthy gut barrier function.

Sources and Occurrence

Lacto-N-Tetraose is found naturally and exclusively in human breast milk and is one of the most structurally significant HMOs. The concentration of LNT in breast milk varies depending on the stage of lactation, the genetics of the mother, and other individual factors. Colostrum (the first milk produced after birth) contains especially high concentrations of HMOs, including LNT.

In the food industry, LNT is produced biotechnologically – typically through microbial fermentation – and is increasingly used as an ingredient in infant formula to better mimic the composition of human breast milk.

Importance for Infants and Toddlers

Early colonization of the gut with beneficial bacteria is crucial for the long-term health of the child. Research shows that HMOs like LNT may:

reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) – a severe intestinal disease in premature infants,
positively influence the development of allergic diseases and asthma,
support cognitive development, as oligosaccharides also play a role in brain function.

Use in Infant Formula

Following authorization by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), LNT and related oligosaccharides are now intentionally incorporated into infant formulas. The goal is to provide non-breastfed infants with a gut microbiota as similar as possible to that of breastfed infants. LNT is considered safe and well tolerated.

Scientific Evidence

Research on LNT is continuously expanding. Clinical studies confirm its prebiotic properties and immune-stimulating effects. In addition, LNT is being investigated for its therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel diseases and infectious conditions. The current body of evidence primarily supports its use in early infant nutrition.

References

Bode, L. (2012). Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology, 22(9), 1147–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cws074
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (2019). Safety of Lacto-N-Tetraose as a novel food ingredient. EFSA Journal, 17(2), e05660.
Kunz, C., Rudloff, S., Baier, W., Klein, N., & Strobel, S. (2000). Oligosaccharides in human milk: Structural, functional, and metabolic aspects. Annual Review of Nutrition, 20, 699–722.

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