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Tendinitis – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Tendinitis is an inflammation of a tendon that causes pain and restricted movement. It commonly results from overuse or repetitive motion and can affect any tendon in the body.
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Tendinitis is an inflammation of a tendon that causes pain and restricted movement. It commonly results from overuse or repetitive motion and can affect any tendon in the body.
What is Tendinitis?
Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon – the thick, fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. It typically causes pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. While tendinitis can affect any tendon in the body, it most commonly occurs in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and heel.
Causes
The most common causes of tendinitis include:
- Overuse: Repetitive movements during work or sports place excessive stress on the tendons.
- Sudden injury: A single traumatic event can trigger tendon inflammation.
- Poor posture or technique: Incorrect body mechanics during physical activity increase the risk.
- Aging: Tendons become less elastic and more vulnerable to inflammation with age.
- Underlying conditions: Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or diabetes mellitus can increase susceptibility.
- Medications: Certain antibiotics (e.g., fluoroquinolones) have been associated with an elevated risk of tendinitis.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of tendinitis include:
- Dull or burning pain along the affected tendon
- Pain that worsens with movement or physical activity
- Swelling and warmth in the affected area
- Stiffness, especially in the morning or after periods of rest
- In some cases, a palpable thickening of the tendon
Common Forms
Tendinitis is classified by the affected tendon or region:
- Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis): Inflammation of the tendons on the outer elbow
- Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis): Inflammation on the inner elbow
- Rotator cuff tendinitis: Affects the shoulder region
- Patellar tendinitis (Jumper's Knee): Affects the knee
- Achilles tendinitis: Affects the Achilles tendon at the back of the heel
Diagnosis
Tendinitis is typically diagnosed through:
- Physical examination: The doctor palpates the affected area and assesses pain and range of motion.
- Imaging: Ultrasound or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) can visualize tendon inflammation and rule out other conditions.
- X-ray: Used to exclude bone changes or calcifications in the tendon.
Treatment
Treatment of tendinitis depends on the severity and duration of symptoms:
Conservative Measures
- Rest and immobilization: Reducing load on the affected tendon is the most important initial step.
- Ice therapy: Applying ice packs can help relieve pain and reduce swelling.
- Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen help reduce inflammation and pain.
- Physical therapy: Targeted stretching and strengthening exercises support healing and help prevent recurrence.
- Braces and orthotics: Help offload the affected tendon during daily activities.
Advanced Therapies
- Corticosteroid injections: A local injection can provide short-term relief in severe cases.
- Shockwave therapy: A non-invasive method used for chronic tendon conditions.
- Surgery: In rare, severe cases where conservative treatments fail, surgical intervention may be necessary.
Prevention
The following measures can help prevent tendinitis:
- Warming up properly before physical activity
- Gradually increasing training intensity
- Maintaining ergonomic posture at work
- Regular stretching and strengthening exercises
- Seeking medical advice early when tendon symptoms persist
References
- Maffulli, N., Wong, J., Almekinders, L.C. (2003). Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 22(4), 675–692.
- Rees, J.D., Stride, M., Scott, A. (2014). Tendons – time to revisit inflammation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(21), 1553–1557.
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). Tendinitis. Retrieved from: https://www.niams.nih.gov
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