Testosterone Tablets – Effects, Dosage and Side Effects
Testosterone tablets are oral medications used to treat low testosterone levels in men. They are prescribed as part of hormone replacement therapy to restore healthy androgen levels.
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Testosterone tablets are oral medications used to treat low testosterone levels in men. They are prescribed as part of hormone replacement therapy to restore healthy androgen levels.
What Are Testosterone Tablets?
Testosterone tablets are orally administered medications containing synthetic or semi-synthetic forms of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are primarily used to treat testosterone deficiency, also known as hypogonadism, and help restore the natural hormonal balance in the body. Compared to injections or topical gels, tablets offer a convenient and non-invasive method of administration.
Indications
Testosterone tablets are prescribed for the following conditions:
- Primary hypogonadism: The testes fail to produce sufficient testosterone due to genetic conditions, injury, or disease.
- Secondary hypogonadism: The pituitary gland does not release adequate signals to stimulate testosterone production.
- Late-onset hypogonadism: Age-related decline in testosterone levels in older men, often accompanied by fatigue, reduced libido, and mood changes.
- Delayed puberty in adolescent males under specialist supervision.
Mechanism of Action
Testosterone functions as an androgenic steroid hormone. It binds to androgen receptors inside target cells, triggering changes in gene expression that regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics. These include muscle mass, bone density, libido, sperm production, and metabolic function.
Orally administered testosterone is typically subject to significant first-pass metabolism in the liver, which reduces its bioavailability. However, modern formulations such as testosterone undecanoate are absorbed via the lymphatic system, partially bypassing hepatic metabolism and improving overall bioavailability.
Dosage
The dosage of testosterone tablets is determined based on the individual blood testosterone levels and clinical symptoms. A typical daily dose of testosterone undecanoate ranges from 120 mg to 160 mg, divided into two administrations per day, preferably taken with meals to enhance absorption. The treating physician determines and adjusts the appropriate dose through regular monitoring.
Side Effects
As with all hormonal medications, testosterone tablets may cause side effects. Commonly reported effects include:
- Acne and oily skin
- Mood swings or increased irritability
- Increased production of red blood cells (polycythemia)
- Fluid retention (edema)
- Changes in blood lipid levels
- Prostate enlargement with prolonged use
- Suppression of the body's natural testosterone production
Testosterone preparations are contraindicated in men with known or suspected prostate cancer or breast cancer.
Usage and Safety Notes
Testosterone tablets should only be taken under medical prescription and regular supervision. Routine blood tests including testosterone levels, complete blood count, liver enzymes, and PSA (prostate-specific antigen) are essential to ensure safe and effective therapy. Self-medication or use for performance enhancement or doping purposes is dangerous and illegal in many countries.
References
- Dohle GR et al. - EAU Guidelines on Male Hypogonadism. European Association of Urology (2023). Available at: https://uroweb.org
- Bhasin S et al. - Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 103(5):1715-1744 (2018).
- World Health Organization (WHO) - Testosterone and Hormonal Health. WHO Essential Medicines and Health Products.
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