Calciferols (vitamin D) - forms, functions and importance for health and immune defence
Calciferols, known as vitamin D, are essential for bones, the immune system and cell health. Find out more about forms, functions, deficiency symptoms and optimal intake.
Wissenswertes über "Calciferols"
Calciferols, known as vitamin D, are essential for bones, the immune system and cell health. Find out more about forms, functions, deficiency symptoms and optimal intake.
Calciferols are a group of fat-soluble compounds that are summarised under the generic term vitamin D. They play a central role in calcium and phosphate metabolism and are essential for bone stability, cell function and immune defence. The two most important biologically active forms are:
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Vitamin D₂ (ergocalciferol): Of plant origin
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Vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol): Of animal origin or produced by the body itself through UVB radiation from the sun
Both forms are converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) and then converted in the kidneys to the active hormone form 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (calcitriol).
Functions of calciferols (vitamin D)
Calciferols have far-reaching physiological effects, including:
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Regulation of the calcium and phosphate balance for stable bones and teeth
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Strengthening the immune system, in particular by modulating T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines
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Influencing gene expression in over 200 genes
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Support of muscle function and the nervous system
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Involvement in the prevention of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, type 1 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
Vitamin D deficiency - A widespread problem
Despite its importance, vitamin D deficiency is widespread worldwide, especially in regions with low sun exposure or in people with dark skin colour, obesity, chronic diseases or impaired kidney function.
Possible consequences of a deficiency:
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Bone softening (osteomalacia) or rickets in children
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Muscle weakness, fatigue and immunodeficiency
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Increased risk of infections, depression, autoimmune diseases and high blood pressure
Intake and supplementation
The body can synthesise vitamin D₃ itself, but requires sufficient sunlight (UVB radiation) on the skin. In the winter months or with limited sun exposure, supplementation is often necessary.
Recommended intake:
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800-2,000 I.U. (International Units) daily, depending on age, lifestyle and blood values
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Optimal blood value: 25(OH)D level of 30-50 ng/ml (75-125 nmol/l)
Vitamin D is often taken in combination with vitamin K2 to support targeted calcium utilisation in the bones and prevent calcification of the blood vessels.
Literature references:
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Holick, M. F. (2007). ""Vitamin D Deficiency."" New England Journal of Medicine.
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RKI (2023). ""Vitamin D supply in Germany."" Robert Koch Institute.
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Pludowski, P. et al. (2018). ""Vitamin D supplementation guidelines."" Nutrients.
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