E403 Ammonium Alginate – Food Additive Explained
E403 (ammonium alginate) is an approved food additive used as a thickener, gelling agent, and stabilizer. It is derived from brown seaweed and is considered safe for consumption.
Wissenswertes über "E403"
E403 (ammonium alginate) is an approved food additive used as a thickener, gelling agent, and stabilizer. It is derived from brown seaweed and is considered safe for consumption.
What is E403 (Ammonium Alginate)?
E403 is the EU designation for ammonium alginate, a naturally derived salt of alginic acid. It is produced by extracting alginic acid from brown seaweed (e.g., Laminaria species) and neutralizing it with ammonia. As a food additive, E403 belongs to the alginate family and is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries.
Properties and Mechanism of Action
Ammonium alginate is a hydrophilic polysaccharide that swells in water and forms viscous solutions or soft gels. Its molecular chains bind water molecules, increasing the viscosity of liquids. Unlike calcium alginate (E404), ammonium alginate does not form firm gels and functions primarily as a thickener and stabilizer. It is heat-stable and retains its functional properties across a wide pH range.
Use in Food Products
E403 is used in a wide variety of food products, including:
- Baked goods and desserts (for texture improvement)
- Dairy products such as yoghurt, ice cream, and whipped cream (as a stabilizer)
- Sauces, dressings, and marinades (as a thickener)
- Processed cheese products
- Dietary and functional foods
The permitted maximum usage levels are governed by EU Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 on food additives. For many applications, the principle of quantum satis applies, meaning it may be used in the amount technologically necessary to achieve the desired effect.
Safety and Health Assessment
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the former Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) have evaluated alginates, including E403, and concluded that they are safe for human consumption. Ammonium alginate is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted unchanged, making it physiologically inert.
In very large quantities, E403 may have a mild laxative effect due to its water-retaining properties in the intestine. People with known hypersensitivity to seaweed or seafood should consume alginate-containing products with caution, although allergic reactions to alginates are very rare.
Use in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics
Beyond the food industry, ammonium alginate is also used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, for example as a binder or film-forming agent in tablets. In cosmetics, it serves as a thickener in creams, lotions, and face masks.
Labelling Requirements
Food products containing E403 must declare this additive in the ingredient list either by its E-number (E403) or by its chemical name ammonium alginate.
References
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Re-evaluation of alginic acid and its sodium, potassium, ammonium and calcium salts (E 400-404) as food additives. EFSA Journal, 2017.
- Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives.
- Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J., Quinn, M. E. (eds.): Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 6th edition. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2009.
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