Glossar: P
Do you have questions about specific symptoms or ingredients? Our glossary provides an A-to-Z guide to your health.
P
319 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryPaediatrics
Paediatrics is the branch of medicine dedicated to the health, development, and diseases of children and adolescents from birth through late adolescence.
Pain Behind the Knee
Pain behind the knee can have many causes, from muscle strains to vascular or joint conditions. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Pain Management
Pain management encompasses all medical approaches to relieving acute and chronic pain. The primary goal is to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from pain.
Pain Management Therapy
Pain management therapy encompasses all medical approaches to relieving acute and chronic pain. It combines medications, physical treatments, and psychological methods.
Palliation
Palliation refers to relieving treatment for serious or incurable conditions. The goal is to improve quality of life through pain management and holistic patient support.
Palm Kernel Fat
Palm kernel fat is a plant-based fat extracted from the seed of the oil palm. It is high in saturated fatty acids and widely used in the food and cosmetics industries.
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide produced by the human body, known for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. It is widely used as a dietary supplement and in pain management.
Pancolitis
Pancolitis is a severe form of ulcerative colitis that affects the entire large intestine.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can occur suddenly (acute) or develop over time (chronic), causing severe abdominal pain and digestive problems.
Panendoscopy
Panendoscopy is a comprehensive endoscopic examination that allows physicians to inspect the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in a single procedure.
panic attack symptoms
Panic attacks cause sudden, intense fear with physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Symptoms typically peak within minutes and can feel overwhelming.
Panikattacke
Eine Panikattacke ist eine plötzlich auftretende Episode intensiver Angst, die innerhalb weniger Minuten ihren Höhepunkt erreicht und mit starken körperlichen Symptomen einhergeht – ohne reale äußere Bedrohung.
Pansinusitis
Pansinusitis is a simultaneous inflammation of all paranasal sinuses. It causes facial pain, pressure, and nasal congestion, and requires medical treatment.
Pantoprazole
Pantoprazole is a medication used to treat excess stomach acid, heartburn, and gastric ulcers. It works by effectively blocking acid production in the stomach.
pantoprazole side effects
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to reduce stomach acid. Like all medications, it can cause side effects ranging from mild and common to rare but serious.
Papanicolaou Test
The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is a gynecological screening procedure used to detect cervical cell changes and early signs of cervical cancer.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It grows slowly and carries an excellent prognosis when diagnosed and treated early.
Pappenheim Stain
The Pappenheim stain is a combined histological staining method used to visualize blood cells under the microscope. It allows the differentiation of various cell types in a blood smear.
Papulopustular
Papulopustular describes a skin pattern featuring both papules (raised, solid bumps) and pustules (pus-filled blisters) occurring simultaneously. This pattern is characteristic of several inflammatory skin conditions.
Paracelsus
Paracelsus war ein Arzt, Alchemist und Vordenker der ganzheitlichen Medizin. Er gilt als Begründer der Iatrochemie und prägte die heutige Naturheilkunde mit seinem Leitsatz zur Dosis-Wirkung.
Paracetamol
Paracetamol ist ein weit verbreitetes Schmerz- und Fiebermittel, das bei leichten bis mittleren Schmerzen sowie erhöhter Körpertemperatur eingesetzt wird.
Paradoxical Breathing
Paradoxical breathing is an abnormal breathing pattern in which parts of the chest wall move opposite to the normal direction during breathing. It is a serious medical emergency sign.
Parallel Trial
A parallel trial is a scientific study design in which two or more groups receive different treatments simultaneously, allowing direct comparison of their effectiveness and safety.
Paranasal Sinuses
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities located within the skull bones, connected to the nasal cavity. They play important roles in breathing, voice resonance, and immune defense.
Paraphimosis
Paraphimosis is a urological emergency in which the retracted foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis, causing swelling and cutting off blood flow.
Parasite Cleanse
The parasite cleanse is a viral TikTok trend labeled under #parasitecleanse, with over 450 million views.
Parasympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system is a key division of the autonomic nervous system. It governs rest, digestion, and recovery, acting as the counterpart to the sympathetic nervous system.
Paravertebral Groove
The paravertebral groove is a visible or palpable furrow running along the spine, formed by the back extensor muscles. It is considered an anatomical feature of a well-developed back.
Parental Leave
Parental leave in Germany is a legally protected period of time off work following the birth or adoption of a child. Parents are entitled to up to three years of parental leave per child.
Parietal Osteopathy
Parietal osteopathy is a branch of osteopathy focused on joints, muscles, fascia, and the musculoskeletal system. Its goal is to restore mobility and relieve pain through manual techniques.
Parietichytrium sp.
Parietichytrium sp. is a marine microorganism from the thraustochytrid group, recognized for its exceptional capacity to produce valuable omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the coordination of movement.
PAS Reaction
The PAS reaction is a histochemical staining method used in pathology to visualize polysaccharides and glycoproteins in tissue sections under the microscope.
Passionflower
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to relieve anxiety, nervous restlessness, and sleep disturbances. Its calming effects are supported by scientific evidence.
Passive Leg Raise
The Passive Leg Raise is a clinical test used in critical care to assess fluid responsiveness. By raising the legs, venous blood is shifted toward the heart to evaluate cardiac output response.
Passive Leg Raise Test
The Passive Leg Raise Test is a diagnostic procedure used in critical care to assess fluid responsiveness quickly and safely, without administering any intravenous fluids.
Patella Apex
The patella apex is the lower pole of the kneecap, where the patellar tendon attaches. Pain at this site is the hallmark of patellar tendinopathy, also known as Jumper's Knee.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect in which a fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery fails to close after birth.
Pathogen Inhibition
Pathogen inhibition refers to the suppression or prevention of growth and activity of disease-causing microorganisms in the human body or the environment.
Pathognomonic
Pathognomonic describes a symptom or sign that is uniquely and exclusively indicative of a specific disease, allowing for a definitive diagnosis based on that finding alone.
Pauwels Classification
The Pauwels classification divides femoral neck fractures into three types based on the inclination angle of the fracture line, helping doctors plan the most appropriate treatment.
Pavor nocturnus
Pavor nocturnus, or sleep terror, is a sleep disorder in which a person suddenly wakes in apparent panic, screaming and showing signs of intense fear, without fully regaining consciousness.
Pea protein
Pea protein is a vegetable protein powder obtained from yellow shelling peas (Pisum sativum).
Pediococcus
Pediococcus are lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential. Find out more about their effect on intestinal flora, immune defence and their use in food.
PEG-25-PABA
PEG-25-PABA is a synthetic UV filter used in sunscreen and cosmetic products. It absorbs UV-B radiation, helping to protect the skin from sun-related damage.
Pelvic Belt
Ein Beckengurt ist ein orthopädisches Hilfsmittel, das zur Stabilisierung des Beckenrings und der Sakroiliakalgelenke (ISG) eingesetzt wird.
Pelvic floor
The pelvic floor is a complex group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissue forming the base of the pelvis.
Pelvic Floor Health
Pelvic floor health refers to the strength and function of the muscle group at the base of the pelvis. A healthy pelvic floor is essential for bladder control, stability, and overall quality of life.
Pelvic Floor Insufficiency
Pelvic floor insufficiency refers to a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue. It can lead to urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
Pelvic Floor Training
Pelvic floor training involves specific exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which are vital for continence, posture, and the support of internal organs.
Pelvic Fracture
A pelvic fracture is a break in one or more bones of the pelvis, often caused by accidents or falls. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic pain refers to discomfort in the lower abdominal area and can have many causes. It affects both women and men and may be acute or chronic.
Pelvic Vein Thrombosis
Pelvic vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in the veins of the pelvis. It can cause severe pain and requires prompt medical treatment to prevent serious complications.
Penicillin
Penicillin ist ein natürliches Antibiotikum, das bakterielle Infektionen bekämpft. Es gehört zur ältesten und bekanntesten Klasse der Antibiotika.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway is a key metabolic route in human cells that processes glucose to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate, supporting antioxidant defense and DNA synthesis.
Peppermint
Peppermint has antispasmodic, cooling and anti-inflammatory properties. Learn how it helps with digestive discomfort, headaches and skin irritation.
Percussion Hammer
A percussion hammer is a medical examination instrument used to test reflexes and assess body tissues by tapping specific areas of the body.
Perenterol
Perenterol is a medicinal product containing the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, used to treat and prevent diarrhea and support gut flora balance.
Pericardial Disease
Pericardial disease refers to conditions affecting the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart. It includes inflammation, fluid accumulation, and scarring.
Pericardium
The pericardium is the protective sac surrounding the heart. It stabilizes the position of the heart within the chest and shields it from infection and mechanical injury.
Pericardiотomy
A pericardiotomy is a surgical procedure in which the pericardium – the fibrous sac surrounding the heart – is incised. It is used to drain fluid or as part of open-heart surgery.
Pericranium
The pericranium is the outer periosteum covering the external surface of the skull bones. It nourishes bone tissue and plays a key role in bone healing and reconstructive surgical procedures.
Perilunate
Perilunate refers to injuries occurring around the lunate bone in the wrist. These serious injuries are usually caused by high-energy trauma and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Perimenopause
Die Perimenopause bezeichnet die Übergangsphase vor der Menopause, die mit hormonellen Veränderungen einhergeht und die Fruchtbarkeit der Frau langsam verringert.
Periodic Acid
Periodic acid is a strong inorganic oxidizing acid used in medicine and biochemistry, most notably in histology for tissue staining procedures such as the PAS reaction.
Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease, correctly referred to as periodontitis, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a serious bacterial infection of the tissues supporting the teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss and systemic health complications.
Periorale Dermatitis
Periorale Dermatitis, auch bekannt als Mundrose, ist eine entzündliche Hauterkrankung im Bereich um den Mund, die Nase oder die Augen.
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAVK)
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) is a chronic circulatory disorder of the extremities caused by narrowing or occlusion of arteries.
Periphericus
Periphericus refers to a peripheral nerve – part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It transmits signals between the central nervous system and the body.
Periprostatic
Periprostatic refers to the area immediately surrounding the prostate gland. This term is especially relevant in urology and oncology, for example when assessing tumor spread.
Peritoneal Cavity
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-filled space in the abdomen lined by the peritoneum, which surrounds and protects the internal abdominal organs.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis is a kidney replacement therapy that uses the lining of the abdomen as a natural filter to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood.
Peritoneal Puncture
Peritoneal puncture is a medical procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity. It is used for the diagnosis and treatment of ascites.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates fat metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory processes in the body.
Persistent Hyaloid Artery
Persistent hyaloid artery is a congenital eye anomaly in which a fetal blood vessel in the eye fails to fully regress after birth. It may affect visual development in children.
Pes anserinus
The pes anserinus is an anatomical structure at the inner knee where three tendons converge on the tibia. Inflammation in this area causes characteristic medial knee pain.
Pesticide Multi-Method
The pesticide multi-method is a modern analytical technique that enables the simultaneous detection of more than 600 active substances in food and feed.
Peyer Patch
Peyer patches are specialized lymphoid tissue structures in the small intestine that play a central role in intestinal immune defense and the recognition of pathogens.
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic differences affect a person´s response to medications. It helps tailor therapies to individuals and prevent adverse drug reactions.
Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa that usually occurs acutely and is often accompanied by a sore throat, difficulty swallowing and a scratchy throat.
Phenothiazine
Phenothiazine is a chemical scaffold that forms the basis of an important class of drugs used primarily as antipsychotics and antiemetics in clinical medicine.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) is an oral antibiotic from the beta-lactam group, commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as strep throat and scarlet fever.
Phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon is an oral anticoagulant (blood thinner) belonging to the vitamin K antagonist class. It is used to prevent and treat thrombosis and embolism.
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that is important for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the support of mood and cognitive function.
Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid
Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid is a chemical UV filter used in sunscreens and skincare products to protect the skin from harmful UV-B radiation.
Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be properly broken down. Without treatment, it can lead to severe intellectual disabilities.
Pheochromocytoma
A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that produces excessive stress hormones, potentially causing dangerous spikes in blood pressure.
Phlebitis migrans
Phlebitis migrans is a recurring, migratory inflammation of superficial veins that affects different body sites over time. It may indicate an underlying serious condition.
Phlebolith
A phlebolith is a calcified structure that forms inside a vein, typically resulting from a hardened blood clot. They are usually harmless and often discovered incidentally during imaging studies.
Phlebology
Phlebology is a medical specialty focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of venous diseases.
Phlegmasia coerulea dolens
Phlegmasia coerulea dolens is a rare, life-threatening form of massive deep vein thrombosis causing severe limb swelling, intense pain, and a characteristic blue-purple skin discoloration.
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid found primarily in brain cells, playing a key role in memory, concentration, and overall cognitive function.
Phosphoglyceride
Phosphoglycerides are essential lipids that form the main structural component of biological membranes and play central roles in cellular metabolism and cell signaling.
Phospholipide
Phospholipide sind eine Klasse von Amphiphilen (doppellipophilen Molekülen), die in allen lebenden Organismen eine zentrale Rolle spielen.
Phosphoric Acid Esters
Phosphoric acid esters are chemical compounds that play a central role in biochemistry and medicine. They occur naturally in the body and are also used as active ingredients and additives.
Phosphorus
Phosphor ist ein essenzieller Mineralstoff, der im menschlichen Körper vor allem in Form von Phosphat vorkommt.
Photocarcinogenesis
Photocarcinogenesis is the process by which UV radiation triggers the development of skin cancer. UV light damages the DNA of skin cells and can lead to malignant tumors over time.
Photodermatitis
Photodermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction triggered by UV radiation or visible light. Symptoms include redness, itching, and blistering on sun-exposed areas of the skin.
Photosynthese
Photosynthese ist der Prozess, mit dem Pflanzen Sonnenlicht in Energie umwandeln. Erfahre, wie CO₂ in Glukose verwandelt wird, warum Sauerstoff entsteht und warum dieser Vorgang für alles Leben entscheidend ist.
Phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that uses controlled light to treat skin conditions, mood disorders, and neonatal jaundice. It is applied in dermatology, psychiatry, and neonatology.
Phylloquinone
Phylloquinone is the natural, plant-derived form of Vitamin K1, found mainly in green leafy vegetables. It plays a key role in blood clotting and bone health.
Physiological Anuria
Physiological anuria refers to the temporary absence of urine production in healthy newborns during the first hours after birth – a normal transitional condition.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a healthcare discipline that uses movement, exercise, and manual techniques to relieve pain, restore mobility, and improve physical function.
Phytanic Acid
Phytanic acid is a branched-chain fatty acid obtained through animal-based foods. When its breakdown is impaired, it can accumulate in the body and lead to serious metabolic disorders.
Phytic Acid
Phytic acid is a natural compound found in plant-based foods that binds minerals and can reduce their absorption in the body.
Phytoestrogens Effect
Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds that exert estrogen-like effects in the human body. They bind to estrogen receptors and can naturally influence hormonal balance.
Phytomenadione
Phytomenadione (vitamin K1) is a coagulation-promoting active ingredient from the antidote group. It is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in blood clotting and contributes to bone health.
Phytonutrients
Phytonutrients, also known as secondary plant substances, are compounds that occur in plants and are important for their survival.
Phytosterols
Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds that are structurally similar to cholesterol.
Phytotherapy
Phytotherapy is the evidence-based use of medicinal plants and plant-derived substances for the prevention and treatment of diseases. It is a recognised field within modern medicine.
Pilates Ring
Ein Pilatesring, auch bekannt als Magic Circle, ist ein vielseitiges Trainingsgerät aus flexiblem, leichtem Kunststoff mit seitlichen Polstern.
Pilonidal Sinus
A pilonidal sinus is a chronic skin condition near the tailbone in which a small channel forms under the skin, often leading to inflammation and abscess formation.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped gland in the brain that is important for the sleep-wake rhythm and the regulation of the internal clock.
Pinealocyte
Pinealocytes are the specialized secretory cells of the pineal gland responsible for producing melatonin, the hormone that regulates the human sleep-wake cycle.
Piotrowski Reflex
The Piotrowski reflex is a neurological deep tendon reflex of the foot used in clinical examinations to detect disorders of the nervous system.
Pipamperone
Pipamperone is an antipsychotic medication belonging to the butyrophenone class, primarily used to treat agitation, sleep disorders, and behavioral disturbances.
Piperacillin
Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the acylaminopenicillin group, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Piriformis Syndrome
Piriformis syndrome is a neuromuscular condition in which the piriformis muscle irritates or compresses the sciatic nerve, causing pain in the buttock and leg.
Piritramide
Piritramide is a potent opioid analgesic primarily used for the management of severe postoperative pain. It relieves pain by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small but vital gland in the brain that produces numerous hormones and serves as the central control hub of the hormonal system.
Pityriasis rosea
Die Röschenflechte ist eine meist gutartige, selbstlimitierende Hauterkrankung mit charakteristischem, schuppendem Hautausschlag.
Pityriasis versicolor
Die Kleienpilzflechte ist eine oberflächliche Hautinfektion durch Hefepilze der Gattung Malassezia, die zu hellen oder bräunlichen, fein schuppenden Hautveränderungen führt.
Placebo Control
Placebo control is a scientific method used in clinical trials where a comparison group receives an inactive dummy treatment, allowing researchers to objectively measure the true effect of a new therapy.
Plagiocephalus
Plagiocephalus refers to an asymmetrical flattening of the skull in infants. The condition is typically caused by prolonged pressure on one side of the head during lying positions.
Planing Chip Phenomenon
The planing chip phenomenon is a clinical sign of psoriasis: when scales are scraped off, thin lamellae detach like wood shavings. It aids in diagnosis.
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is a painful inflammation of the plantar fascia in the foot, typically causing heel pain. It is one of the most common causes of foot pain in adults.
Plantar Muscle Reflex
The plantar muscle reflex is a neurological reflex triggered by stimulating the sole of the foot. It is used to assess the function of the nervous system.
Plaster Cast
A plaster cast is a rigid supportive bandage used to immobilize broken bones or injured joints, keeping them in the correct position to promote proper healing.
Pleural Effusion
A pleural effusion is an abnormal build-up of fluid in the pleural space, the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall. It can cause breathlessness and may indicate various underlying conditions.
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive malignant tumor of the pleura (lining of the lungs). It is most commonly caused by long-term asbestos exposure and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
Pleural Puncture
A pleural puncture is a medical procedure in which fluid or air is withdrawn from the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. It is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Pleurodynia
Pleurodynia is a sharp chest pain caused by inflammation of the intercostal muscles or the pleura. It is most commonly associated with viral infections.
Plexus uretericus
The plexus uretericus is an autonomic nerve network that supplies the ureter, controlling its movements and pain perception along its entire course.
Plica rectouterina
The plica rectouterina is a peritoneal fold in the female pelvis located between the uterus and the rectum. It borders the pouch of Douglas and holds significant clinical relevance.
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Plummer-Vinson syndrome is a rare condition characterized by iron deficiency anemia, difficulty swallowing, and abnormal tissue formations in the upper esophagus.
PMS Symptoms
PMS symptoms occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and include physical and emotional complaints. Learn about causes, signs, and treatment options.
Pneumonia Pathogens
Pneumonia pathogens are microorganisms that cause lung infections. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The most common are Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza viruses.
Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing partial or complete collapse of a lung. It can arise spontaneously or result from injury.
Polarlichter
Polarlichter entstehen durch Sonnenwind und zeigen faszinierende Lichtspiele am Himmel. Erfahre, wie sie entstehen und wo sie am besten zu sehen sind.
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly contagious viral disease that attacks the nervous system and can cause permanent paralysis. Vaccination has largely eradicated it worldwide.
Pollen allergy
Pollen allergy, also known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, is an exaggerated immune reaction to flower pollen.
Pollen Season
Pollen season refers to the period when plants release pollen into the air. It is a major trigger of allergic reactions such as hay fever and allergic rhinitis.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic environmental contaminants formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter such as fossil fuels, wood, or tobacco.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder in women that causes irregular periods, elevated androgen levels, and cyst-like changes in the ovaries.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory rheumatic condition that primarily affects older adults, causing significant pain and stiffness in the shoulders, neck, and hips.
Polymyositis
Polymyositis is a rare inflammatory muscle disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own muscle tissue, causing progressive muscle weakness and requiring medical treatment.
Polyneuropathy
Polyneuropathy refers to a condition in which several peripheral nerves in the body are affected simultaneously and function and sensation are typically impaired
Polyphagia
Polyphagia refers to an abnormally increased appetite and excessive food intake. It is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, or certain psychological conditions.
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are plant antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress, inhibit inflammation and are considered key factors for cell protection and longevity.
Polysilicone-15
Polysilicone-15 is a synthetic UV filter used in sunscreens that absorbs UVB radiation, protecting the skin from sunburn and UV-induced damage.
Polyzystisches Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS)
Das Polyzystische Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) ist eine hormonelle Störung, die den Hormonhaushalt, den Zyklus und die Fruchtbarkeit von Frauen beeinflusst.
Pontiac Fever
Pontiac fever is a mild, self-limiting infection caused by Legionella bacteria, producing flu-like symptoms without pneumonia and resolving spontaneously within a few days.
Poppi-Scandal
The 2025 Poppi scandal involved misleading advertising of prebiotic sodas by the US company Poppi and ended with a multi-million-dollar settlement over false health claims.
Portal Vein
The portal vein (Vena portae) is a major blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing and detoxification.
Post-Aggression Syndrome
Post-aggression syndrome describes the systemic stress response of the body following severe injury, surgery, or infection. It involves profound metabolic and organ changes that significantly influence recovery.
Post-term Birth
A post-term birth refers to a delivery that occurs after 42 completed weeks of pregnancy. It carries risks for both mother and child and requires close medical monitoring.
Post-traumatic Heart Syndrome
Post-traumatic heart syndrome is a cardiac condition that can develop after injury to the heart tissue. It includes conditions such as Dressler syndrome and post-cardiotomy syndrome.
Postbiotics
Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced when beneficial gut bacteria ferment dietary fibres, offering a range of positive health effects on the human body.
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Postcholecystectomy syndrome refers to persistent or new abdominal symptoms that occur after surgical removal of the gallbladder. Learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Postmenopause Phase
The postmenopause phase begins after the last menstrual period and lasts for the rest of a woman's life. Hormonal changes can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Postnatal Recovery Course
A postnatal recovery course helps women after childbirth to strengthen the pelvic floor, abdomen, and back, supporting the body in recovering from pregnancy and delivery.
Postpartum depression
Wochenbettdepression ist eine psychische Erkrankung, die innerhalb der ersten Monate nach der Geburt auftritt und mit anhaltender Niedergeschlagenheit, Erschöpfung und innerer Überforderung einhergeht.
Postpartum Period
Das Wochenbett bezeichnet die Zeitspanne von etwa sechs bis acht Wochen nach der Geburt, in der sich der Körper der Frau von Schwangerschaft und Entbindung erholt.
Postprandial Response
The postprandial response refers to all physiological changes occurring in the body after a meal, including shifts in blood glucose, hormone levels, and metabolic activity.
Potassium Chloride
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a potassium compound used medically to treat potassium deficiency and is also found as a dietary supplement and salt substitute.
Potassium Citrate
Kaliumcitrat ist das Kaliumsalz der Zitronensäure und wird häufig in der Medizin und als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel verwendet.
Potassium Deficiency
Kaliummangel (medizinisch: Hypokaliämie) bezeichnet einen zu niedrigen Kaliumspiegel im Blut, der die Funktion von Nerven, Muskeln und Herz beeinträchtigen kann.
Potassium Deficiency Symptoms
Potassium deficiency symptoms occur when blood potassium levels drop too low. Common signs include muscle weakness, cramps, and irregular heartbeat.
Potassium Iodide
Potassium iodide is an inorganic salt of potassium and iodine used medically for thyroid blocking, iodide therapy, and radiation protection.
Potassium Sulphite
Potassium sulphite is an inorganic salt used as a food additive (E225) for preservation. It inhibits microbial growth and prevents oxidative spoilage in a wide range of foods and beverages.
Potassium Toxicity
Eine Kaliumvergiftung (Hyperkaliämie) entsteht, wenn der Kaliumspiegel im Blut deutlich über den Normwert von etwa 3,5–5,0 mmol/l ansteigt.
Powassan Virus
The Powassan virus is tick-borne and can cause encephalitis. Learn about its symptoms, transmission routes, risk groups and prevention strategies.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a defect on chromosome 15, leading to muscle weakness, short stature, intellectual disability, and an insatiable appetite.
Pre Formula
Pre formula is a starter infant formula closely modeled after breast milk and suitable as the sole source of nutrition from birth onward.
Prebiotic Foods
Prebiotic foods contain indigestible fibers that selectively nourish beneficial gut bacteria, supporting digestive health, immune function, and overall well-being.
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are indigestible dietary fibres that serve as a food source for the beneficial bacteria in the gut and promote the growth and activity of these microorganisms.
Precarinal
Precarinal refers to the anatomical region located immediately before the carina, the point where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi. The term is widely used in thoracic diagnostics.
Precision Fermentation
Precision Fermentation produziert tierfreie Proteine mit Gentechnik. Trotz Innovation: Kritik wegen GMO, Energieverbrauch und fehlender Langzeitstudien bleibt berechtigt.
Prediabetes
Prediabetes is a preliminary stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus in which the blood sugar levels are elevated but not yet in the diabetic range.
Prediabetes Symptoms
Prediabetes often causes no obvious symptoms. Learn which warning signs may indicate elevated blood sugar levels and when to seek medical advice.
Prednisolone
Prednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It is widely used to treat inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions.
Preeclampsia
Präeklampsie ist eine schwere Schwangerschaftserkrankung, die vor allem nach der 20. Schwangerschaftswoche auftritt und sowohl für die Mutter als auch für das ungeborene Kind gefährlich sein kann.
Pregabalin
Pregabalin is a prescription medication used to treat nerve pain, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. It works by calming overactive nerve signals in the brain and spinal cord.
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is a condition where the ovaries stop functioning normally before the age of 40, leading to hormone deficiency and reduced fertility.
Premenopause
Premenopause marks the beginning of hormonal fluctuations before menopause. Learn about symptoms and how to support your body naturally.
Premenstrual Syndrome
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and resolve with the onset of menstruation.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Das prämenstruelle Syndrom (PMS) ist eine Gruppe von körperlichen und emotionalen Symptomen, die in der zweiten Hälfte des Menstruationszyklus einer Frau auftreten, typischerweise zwei bis zehn Tage vor der Periode.
Prenatal Diagnostics
Prenatal diagnostics refers to medical examinations carried out during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and unborn child and to detect possible developmental disorders at an early stage.
Prerenal Proteinuria
Prerenal proteinuria refers to elevated protein levels in the urine caused not by kidney disease, but by an excess of specific low-molecular-weight proteins in the bloodstream.
Pressure Palsy
Pressure palsy is a temporary weakness or paralysis of a nerve caused by prolonged mechanical compression of nerve tissue. It is usually fully reversible.
Prevalence
Prevalence describes how many people in a population are affected by a disease or health condition at a specific point in time or over a defined period.
Prick Test
The prick test is a widely used skin test procedure for diagnosing allergies. Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin and briefly pricked in to detect immune reactions.
Primitive Reflexes
Primitive reflexes are innate, involuntary movement patterns present in newborns and infants that indicate neurological maturity and gradually disappear as the brain develops.
Probiotics
Probiotics are living microorganisms that can have a positive effect on intestinal health when taken in sufficient quantities.
Probiotics for Acne – Gut-Skin Axis
Probiotics may improve acne-prone skin by positively influencing the gut-skin axis. Learn how beneficial bacteria help reduce inflammation and support clearer skin.
Procaine Benzylpenicillin
Procaine benzylpenicillin is a depot antibiotic from the penicillin group, administered by injection, which allows for a slow and sustained release of the active substance.
Proctology
Proctology is a medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating diseases of the rectum, anus, and pelvic floor. It is a subspecialty of surgery and gastroenterology.
Progesteron
Progesteron ist ein zentrales Hormon im weiblichen Zyklus. Erfahre mehr über seine Funktion, Symptome bei Mangel und natürliche sowie therapeutische Ansätze zur Regulation.
Progesterone Decline
A progesterone decline refers to a drop in the level of the hormone progesterone in the blood. It can occur naturally during the menstrual cycle, after childbirth, or during menopause, and may cause a range of symptoms.
Progesterone Deficiency
Progesterone deficiency refers to abnormally low levels of the hormone progesterone in the blood. It can cause irregular cycles, fertility issues, and menopausal symptoms.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Progressive muscle relaxation is a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are systematically tensed and released to reduce stress, anxiety, and physical tension.
Proliferation
Proliferation refers to the multiplication of cells through cell division. It is a fundamental biological process involved in growth, tissue repair, and the development of cancer.
Promethazine
Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine and phenothiazine derivative used to treat allergies, nausea, and insomnia.
Promyelocyte
A promyelocyte is an immature precursor cell of white blood cells that develops in the bone marrow. It plays a key role in the formation of granulocytes.
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis refers to all preventive measures aimed at preventing diseases from occurring or delaying their onset. It is a core concept of modern medicine and public health.
Propionic Acid
Propionic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that occurs naturally in metabolism and is used as a food preservative (E280) to prevent mold growth.
Proprioception
Proprioception is the body's ability to sense its own position and movement in space. It is essential for balance, coordination, and safe movement.
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is a malignant disease of the prostate gland and the most common cancer in men. Early detection and modern therapies significantly improve treatment outcomes.
prostate cancer symptoms
Prostate cancer symptoms: Learn which signs may indicate prostate cancer, when to see a doctor, and how early detection improves treatment outcomes.
Prostate Inflammation
Prostate inflammation, known medically as prostatitis, is an inflammation of the prostate gland in men. It can be acute or chronic and often causes pain and difficulties with urination.
Prostate Screening
Prostate screening involves medical examinations to detect prostate cancer and other prostate conditions at an early stage. Regular check-ups from age 45 can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
Prostatectomy
A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or part of the prostate gland. It is most commonly performed to treat prostate cancer.
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Prostatic hyperplasia is a benign (non-cancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects older men and can cause urinary symptoms.
Prostheses
A dental prosthesis is a removable dental replacement designed to restore chewing, speech, and aesthetics by replacing missing teeth or entire dental arches.
Protein powder
Protein powders are concentrated forms of protein that are obtained from various sources, such as whey, eggs, pulses or plants like rice and peas.
Protein-rich foods
Protein-rich foods are important for muscle building, cell regeneration and metabolic processes. Proteins are made up of amino acids, some of which are essential and must be obtained from food.
Proteinkinase PLK1
Die Proteinkinase PLK1 ist ein Enzym, das eine zentrale Rolle bei der Zellteilung spielt.
Proteinogen
Der Begriff proteinogen bezeichnet Aminosäuren, die direkt am Aufbau von Proteinen beteiligt sind.
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the enzymatic breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
Prothrombin Time
Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood coagulation test that measures how quickly blood clots. It is used to diagnose clotting disorders and to monitor anticoagulant therapy.
Proton Gradient
The proton gradient is an electrochemical difference in hydrogen ion (proton) concentration across a membrane, used by cells to generate energy in the form of ATP.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are medications that reduce stomach acid production. They are commonly used to treat heartburn, peptic ulcers, and acid reflux disease.
Protopathic
Protopathic refers to a primitive, undifferentiated form of sensory perception that detects crude stimuli such as pain, heat, and cold, but does not allow precise localization.
PRP-Behandlung (Eigenbluttherapie)
Die PRP-Behandlung (Platelet-Rich Plasma) ist ein medizinisches Verfahren, bei dem körpereigenes, plättchenreiches Plasma therapeutisch eingesetzt wird.
PSA Level Age Chart
The PSA level age chart shows age-specific normal ranges for prostate-specific antigen in the blood, helping doctors accurately assess elevated values in men.
PSA value table
The PSA value table shows age-specific reference values for the PSA test used in the early detection of prostate conditions. Learn what values are considered normal.
Pseudoagglutination
Pseudoagglutination is a false clumping of red blood cells in laboratory tests that mimics true agglutination but does not involve an immune reaction.
Pseudochylothorax
Pseudochylothorax is a rare condition in which a milky, turbid fluid accumulates in the pleural space, resembling chyle but characterized by high cholesterol levels.
Pseudocroup
Pseudocroup is an acute, usually viral inflammation of the upper respiratory tract that mainly affects infants between 6 months and 6 years
Pseudocyanosis
Pseudocyanosis is a bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin that resembles true cyanosis but is not caused by low blood oxygen levels.
Pseudocyst
A pseudocyst is a fluid-filled cavity in body tissue that lacks a true cyst wall. It most commonly occurs as a complication of pancreatic inflammation.
Psoriatic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease caused by psoriasis. Find out all about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis and modern treatment strategies here.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI or also known as KPNI) is an interdisciplinary field of research that investigates the interactions between the nervous system, immune system and psyche.
Psychosomatics
Psychosomatics explores the connection between the mind and body in the development of illness. Psychological stress can trigger or worsen physical symptoms.
Psyllium husks
Flea seed husks come from the plant Plantago ovata (Indian plantain) and are a particularly soluble source of fibre with excellent swelling properties.
Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene is a natural plant compound from the stilbene family, found primarily in blueberries and grapes. It is a bioactive polyphenol known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Pterygomandibular Space
The pterygomandibular space is an anatomical connective tissue compartment in the jaw region, playing a key role in inferior alveolar nerve blocks used in dentistry.
Public Health Index
Ein Public Health Index ist ein messbarer Kennwert, der die Gesundheit einer Bevölkerung anhand verschiedener Indikatoren beschreibt.
Puffer Fish
The puffer fish is a marine fish whose organs contain the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin. Poisoning is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measures pressure in the small blood vessels of the lungs, providing important information about heart function and possible fluid congestion.
Pulmonary Emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung disease in which the air sacs are permanently overinflated and destroyed, causing progressive breathlessness.
Pulmonary fibrosis
Lung fibrosis is a chronically progressive lung disease in which hardening and scarring of the lung tissue occurs.
Pulmonary function test
Ein Lungenfunktionstest ist eine diagnostische Untersuchung zur Messung von Atemvolumen, Luftfluss und Leistungsfähigkeit der Lunge.
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Pulmonary-renal syndrome is a life-threatening condition combining diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, most often caused by autoimmune diseases.
Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla bezeichnet in der Naturheilkunde die Pflanze Pulsatilla pratensis, auch bekannt als Küchenschelle oder Kuhschelle.
Pulse Pressure
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It is an important marker for vascular health and cardiovascular risk.
pumping breast milk
Pumping breast milk means extracting milk from the breast using a pump or by hand. It allows mothers to store milk and feed their baby at a later time.
Pumpkin Seeds
Pumpkin seeds are rich in zinc, essential fatty acids and plant sterols. Discover their benefits for prostate health, immunity and inflammation control.
Purulent Tonsils
Purulent tonsils are a sign of bacterial tonsillitis. They are characterized by severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and white or yellow pus patches on the tonsils.
Pycnogenol
Pycnogenol is a plant extract from French maritime pine bark, known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vascular-protective properties. Learn about its evidence-based uses.
Pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis)
Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys that is associated with high fever and pain in the back.
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, inflammatory skin condition that causes painful ulcers. It belongs to the neutrophilic dermatoses and is frequently associated with underlying systemic diseases.
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine is a form of Vitamin B6, a water-soluble vitamin essential for amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune function.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PA)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural plant toxins produced by species such as ragwort (Senecio), borage, or comfrey.
Die neusten Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryAirway Inflammation
Airway inflammation is an inflammatory response affecting the respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, bronchi, or lungs. It is commonly caused by infections, allergies, or environmental irritants.
Endorphin Release
Endorphin release refers to the secretion of the body´s natural feel-good hormones in the brain, which relieve pain and promote overall well-being.
Collagen Degradation
Collagen degradation is the enzymatic breakdown of collagen fibers in connective tissue. It affects skin, joints, and bones, and increases naturally with age.
Die meistgelesenen Einträge
3 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryMagnesiumcarbonat
Magnesiumcarbonat ist eine anorganische Magnesiumverbindung mit säure-neutralisierender (antazidischer) Wirkung. Erfahre mehr über Vorteile, Einsatzgebiete und Unterschiede zu besser resorbierbaren Magnesiumformen.
Cologne list
The Cologne List ® is an important initiative in competitive sports that offers athletes guidance in the selection of nutritional supplements.
Calorie content
The choice of food influences our energy intake. The calorie content varies greatly - some provide little energy, others a lot.