Anisocytosis – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Anisocytosis refers to the presence of red blood cells of unequal size in a blood sample. It is a common indicator of underlying blood disorders such as anemia.
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Anisocytosis refers to the presence of red blood cells of unequal size in a blood sample. It is a common indicator of underlying blood disorders such as anemia.
What is Anisocytosis?
Anisocytosis is a medical term used to describe a condition in which red blood cells (erythrocytes) vary abnormally in size. The word comes from the Greek aniso (unequal) and kytos (cell). In healthy blood, erythrocytes are relatively uniform in size, with a diameter of approximately 6 to 8 micrometers. In anisocytosis, some cells are abnormally large (macrocytosis), others are abnormally small (microcytosis), or both occur simultaneously.
Anisocytosis is not a disease in itself but rather a laboratory finding that points to an underlying disorder of red blood cell production or destruction. It is measured in a complete blood count (CBC) using the parameter RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width), which quantifies the variation in red blood cell size.
Causes
Anisocytosis can result from a wide range of medical conditions and nutritional deficiencies. The most common causes include:
- Iron deficiency anemia: The most frequent cause; leads to small, pale erythrocytes (microcytosis).
- Vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency: Result in abnormally large red blood cells (macrocytosis).
- Hemolytic anemia: Premature breakdown of red blood cells leads to a mixed population of cell sizes.
- Thalassemia: A genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin production.
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A disorder of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
- Chronic diseases: Such as chronic kidney disease or chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Blood transfusions: Can temporarily introduce cells of varying sizes into the bloodstream.
Symptoms
Anisocytosis itself does not directly cause symptoms. The symptoms a patient experiences are typically those of the underlying condition. Common symptoms associated with anemia include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes
- Shortness of breath during physical activity
- Dizziness and headaches
- Heart palpitations
- Difficulty concentrating
Diagnosis
Anisocytosis is detected through a complete blood count (CBC). The key laboratory parameter is the RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width), which measures the degree of variation in erythrocyte size. An elevated RDW value (above 14–15%) indicates significant anisocytosis.
Additional blood parameters evaluated by the physician include:
- MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume): Indicates the average size of red blood cells.
- Hemoglobin and hematocrit: Assess the severity of any potential anemia.
- Ferritin, Vitamin B12, folate: To detect nutritional deficiencies.
- Reticulocyte count: Provides information about bone marrow activity and red blood cell production.
In some cases, a peripheral blood smear is examined under a microscope to directly assess the size and shape of erythrocytes.
Treatment
Because anisocytosis is a sign of an underlying condition, treatment is always directed at the root cause:
- Iron deficiency: Oral or intravenous iron supplementation; iron-rich diet (red meat, legumes, leafy greens).
- Vitamin B12 deficiency: Replacement therapy via injections or high-dose oral supplements.
- Folate deficiency: Folic acid supplementation, particularly recommended during pregnancy.
- Hemolytic anemia or thalassemia: Depending on severity, treatment may include medication, regular transfusions, or in serious cases, bone marrow transplantation.
- Chronic diseases: Treating the underlying condition generally improves the blood count findings as well.
Regular blood count monitoring is essential to track the response to treatment.
References
- Hoffbrand, A.V. & Moss, P.A.H. - Hoffbrand's Essential Haematology, 7th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
- World Health Organization (WHO) - Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1, Geneva, 2011. Available at: https://www.who.int/
- Longo, D.L. et al. - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
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