One-Sided Headache: Causes and Treatment
One-sided headaches occur on only one side of the head and can have many causes, including migraine or cluster headaches.
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One-sided headaches occur on only one side of the head and can have many causes, including migraine or cluster headaches.
What Are One-Sided Headaches?
One-sided headaches, also called unilateral headaches, are headaches that occur predominantly or exclusively on one side of the head. They can present as throbbing, stabbing, or pressing pain and range from mild to very severe in intensity. One-sided headaches are a common symptom and can point to a variety of underlying conditions or triggers.
Causes
There are numerous possible causes of one-sided headaches. The most common include:
- Migraine: One of the most frequent causes of unilateral headaches. Migraine typically presents as a throbbing, pulsating pain on one side of the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound.
- Cluster headaches: Extremely intense, stabbing pains usually occurring around or behind one eye, recurring in periodic episodes known as clusters.
- Tension-type headache: Although tension headaches are often bilateral, they can sometimes present on one side only.
- Cervicogenic headache: Pain originating from the cervical spine (neck) that radiates to one side of the head.
- Trigeminal neuralgia: A condition affecting the trigeminal nerve that causes sudden, severe, one-sided facial and head pain.
- Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses can cause one-sided head and facial pain.
- Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis): Inflammation of the temporal artery, more common in older adults, causing one-sided headaches particularly at the temple.
- Jaw joint disorders (TMD/CMD): Dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint can trigger one-sided headaches.
Symptoms and Associated Symptoms
Depending on the cause, one-sided headaches can be accompanied by a variety of other symptoms:
- Nausea and vomiting (typical in migraine)
- Sensitivity to light and noise
- Tearing of the eye or redness on the affected side (typical in cluster headaches)
- Visual disturbances or aura (in migraine with aura)
- Nasal congestion or runny nose on the affected side
- Stiffness or pain in the neck and shoulder area
- Dizziness or difficulty concentrating
Diagnosis
Diagnosing one-sided headaches requires a thorough medical evaluation. The doctor will take a detailed medical history (anamnesis), asking about the location, intensity, duration, and associated symptoms of the headaches. Diagnostic measures may include:
- Physical and neurological examination: Assessment of reflexes, coordination, and sensory functions.
- Imaging procedures: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computed tomography) of the head to rule out structural causes such as tumors or bleeding.
- Blood tests: For example, to rule out temporal arteritis (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP).
- Headache diary: Keeping a diary helps document patterns, triggers, and frequency of headaches.
When to See a Doctor?
In most cases, one-sided headaches are uncomfortable but not dangerous. However, medical attention should be sought if:
- the headache comes on suddenly and very severely (so-called thunderclap headache)
- it is accompanied by neurological deficits such as paralysis, speech disturbances, or vision loss
- it occurs following a head injury
- the headaches change in frequency or severity
- they appear for the first time in children or older adults
- they are associated with fever, neck stiffness, or changes in consciousness
Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause:
Medication-Based Treatment
- Pain relievers: Ibuprofen, paracetamol, or aspirin can help with mild to moderate headaches.
- Triptans: Specific medications used for the acute treatment of migraine attacks.
- Preventive medications: For frequent migraine attacks, beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, or antidepressants may be used prophylactically.
- Oxygen therapy: Often used in the treatment of cluster headaches.
Non-Medication Treatment
- Relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation or autogenic training
- Biofeedback therapy
- Physiotherapy and manual therapy for cervicogenic headache
- Avoidance of individual triggers, such as certain foods, sleep deprivation, or stress
- Regular sleep-wake schedule
- Acupuncture as a complementary measure
References
- Olesen J. et al. - The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3). Cephalalgia, 2018; 38(1): 1-211.
- World Health Organization (WHO) - Headache disorders. Fact Sheet, 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
- Loder E., Weizenbaum E., Frishberg B., Silberstein S. - Choosing Wisely in Headache Medicine: The American Headache Society's List of Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question. Headache, 2013; 53(10): 1651-1659.
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